《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中的实践观及其现实启示

The View of Practice in “Theses on Feuerbach” and Its Practical Implications

摘要: 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》作为包含新世界观的天才萌芽的第一个文件，首次提出了实践的观点。本文首先回顾了《提纲》作为马克思主义新世界观萌芽的历史地位，并从理论和现实两个维度探析了其实践观的生成逻辑，即对黑格尔唯心主义和费尔巴哈旧唯物主义的批判性超越，以及对19世纪欧洲资本主义发展和工人运动兴起的历史回应。随后，系统梳理了《提纲》中实践观的核心内涵，不仅从实践出发来理解人和社会生活的本质，还阐明了实践对环境的改变和人的活动有着深刻影响，深刻地揭示了实践是检验真理的唯一标准，实践是改造世界的唯一途径。其中蕴含的实践观，不仅划清了与一切旧哲学的界限，在人类思想史上确立了“改变世界”的新范式，还为新时代的具体实践提供了方法论启示。

Abstract: “Theses on Feuerbach”, as the first document containing the germ of the new worldview, first put forward the perspective of practice. This article first reviews the historical status of the “Theses” as the nascent stage of the new Marxist worldview and then explores the generative logic of its practice perspective from both theoretical and practical dimensions, namely, the critical transcendence of Hegel’s idealism and Feuerbach’s old materialism, as well as the historical response to the development of European capitalism and the rise of the workers’ movement in the 19th century. Subsequently, it systematically sorts out the four core connotations of the practice perspective in the “Theses”, not only understanding the essence of human beings and social life from the perspective of practice, but also clarifying that practice has a profound impact on the transformation of the environment and human activities, and profoundly revealing that practice is the sole criterion for testing truth and the only way to transform the world. The practice perspective contained therein not only draws a clear line with all old philosophies, establishing a new paradigm of "changing the world" in the history of human thought, but also provides methodological inspiration for specific practices in the new era.