浅析《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中以“异化劳动的积极扬弃”为核心的人的社会复归理论

A Brief Analysis of the Theory of Human Social Restoration Centered on the “Positive Sublation of Alienated Labor” in the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”

摘要: 本文围绕《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)中蕴含的人的社会复归理论即共产主义思想展开深入探讨。首先阐述了研究缘起，指出《手稿》是马克思主义形成的重要著作，其“异化劳动的积极扬弃”构成早期共产主义思想核心，有着重要理论与现实价值。接着剖析了异化劳动及其在资本主义社会的表现，包含劳动者与劳动产品、劳动过程、自身类本质以及人与人之间关系的异化等方面。随后论述共产主义作为异化劳动的积极扬弃，解释了积极扬弃的内涵，并分析了粗陋的、政治或经济形式以及真正的共产主义等不同形态。最后探讨《手稿》中共产主义思想的现实价值意蕴，如有助于坚定资本主义灭亡和共产主义胜利信心、彰显以人民为中心的立场、促进人与自然和谐共生及构建人类命运共同体等。结语部分强调《手稿》共产主义思想的重要意义，呼吁立足当下以其指导社会主义现代化建设，推进共产主义事业发展。

Abstract: This paper conducts an in-depth exploration of the theory of humanity’s social return—that is, communist thought—contained within the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” (hereafter referred to as the “Manuscripts”). It first outlines the research rationale, noting that the “Manuscripts” constitute a pivotal work in the formation of Marxism. The concept of “the positive sublation of alienated labor” forms the core of early communist thought, holding significant theoretical and practical value. It then dissects alienated labor and its manifestations in capitalist society, including the alienation of workers from their products, the labor process, their human essence, and interpersonal relationships. Subsequently, it argues that communism represents the positive sublation of alienated labor, clarifying the essence of this sublation and analyzing its various forms: crude, political or economic forms, and true communism. Finally, it explores the practical significance of communist thought in the “Manuscripts”, such as strengthening confidence in the demise of capitalism and the triumph of communism, upholding a people-centered stance, promoting harmony between humanity and nature, and building a community with a shared future for mankind. The concluding section underscores the profound importance of communist thought in the Manuscripts, urging its application to guide socialist modernization and advance the communist cause in the present era.