从抽象上升到具体：马克思思想发展历程的方法论自觉

From Abstract to Concrete: The Methodological Consciousness of the Development of Marx’s Thought

摘要: “从抽象上升到具体”的方法不应被狭隘地理解为马克思政治经济学的叙述方法。马克思的整个思想发展历程也是一个自觉地“从抽象上升到具体”的过程。早在《德意志意识形态》，马克思就强调对唯物史观的运用要从抽象到具体，这一逻辑也同样体现在他从哲学之“抽象”上升到政治经济学之“具体”的研究转向过程中；在建构政治经济学批判体系时，马克思更是自觉运用“从抽象上升到具体”的方法以达到对资本主义社会的逻辑再现；晚期马克思从资本逻辑的“抽象”到世界历史的“具体”的研究视野开拓过程也体现了“从抽象上升到具体”的方法。与之相对，经济决定论、价值转形问题、线性历史观等观点的出现则是因为没有正确理解马克思“从抽象上升到具体”的方法。

Abstract: The method of “from abstract to concrete” should not be narrowly understood as the narrative method of Marx’s political economy. The whole development process of Marx’s thought is also a process of consciously “rising from abstraction to concrete”. As early as “German ideology”, Marx emphasized that the application of historical materialism should be from abstract to concrete. This logic is also reflected in the process of his research from the “abstract” of philosophy to the “concrete” of political economy. When constructing the critical system of political economy, Marx consciously used the method of “from abstract to concrete” to achieve the logical reproduction of capitalist society. In the late period, Marx’s research vision from the “abstract” of capital logic to the “concrete” of world history also reflected the method of “rising from abstract to concrete”. In contrast, the emergence of economic determinism, value transformation, linear historical view and other viewpoints is due to the lack of a correct understanding of Marx’s method of “rising from abstraction to concrete.”