碳基铀吸附材料研究进展

Research Progress in Carbon Based Uranium Adsorption Materials

摘要: 核能作为优化我国能源结构、推动经济高质量发展的关键清洁能源，其发展依赖于稳定的铀资源供给。传统陆地铀矿分布不均且储量有限，促使非常规铀资源(海水、盐湖、核废水等)开发成为重要战略方向。碳基吸附材料凭借高比表面积、丰富孔隙结构、优异的耐酸碱/耐高温/抗辐射稳定性及环境友好性，在铀吸附分离领域展现出独特优势。本文系统综述了活性炭、介孔碳、碳纳米管及石墨烯四类典型碳基材料的结构特性与铀吸附性能，重点分析了材料表面改性(如官能团接枝、元素掺杂)对吸附容量、选择性及动力学性能的调控机制。现有研究表明，通过表面功能化设计可显著提升碳基材料对铀的络合能力与吸附效率，但多数工作仍局限于实验室规模。未来需聚焦规模化制备工艺优化、复杂工况适应性提升及实际工程化验证，以推动清洁经济的碳基吸附材料从实验室走向工业化应用，为我国核能产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。

Abstract: As a critical clean energy source for optimizing China’s energy structure and promoting high-quality economic development, nuclear power relies on a stable supply of uranium resources. The uneven distribution and limited reserves of traditional terrestrial uranium ores have driven the development of unconventional uranium resources—such as seawater, salt lake brines, and nuclear wastewater—as an important strategic direction. Carbon-based adsorbent materials, featuring high specific surface area, abundant pore structure, excellent acid/alkali resistance, thermal stability, radiation resistance, and environmental friendliness, exhibit unique advantages in uranium adsorption and separation. This paper systematically reviews the structural characteristics and uranium adsorption performance of four typical carbon-based materials: activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. It focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of surface modification (e.g., functional group grafting, elemental doping) on adsorption capacity, selectivity, and kinetic performance. Current studies show that surface functionalization can significantly enhance the complexation ability and adsorption efficiency of carbon-based materials for uranium, although most research remains at the laboratory scale. Future efforts should focus on optimizing large-scale preparation processes, improving adaptability to complex working conditions, and conducting practical engineering verification. These steps will promote the transition of clean and economical carbon-based adsorbents from laboratory research to industrial application, providing technical support for the sustainable development of China’s nuclear power industry.