基于电磁感应的制动与能量回收系统

Electromagnetic Induction-Based Braking and Energy Recovery System

摘要: 运行平稳性与能源利用率是衡量现代电梯系统性能的关键指标。目前，传统电梯普遍采用机械摩擦制动，不仅存在闸瓦磨损、制动冲击大等问题，且在电梯减速或顺向重力运行阶段，大量的机械能转化为热能白白耗散。基于以上问题，本文提出了一种基于电磁感应的电梯制动与能量回收系统。该系统创新性地提出“电磁–发电一体化”电机控制方案，利用电梯在减速阶段的惯性与重力势能差，通过运动的缆绳牵引顶部曳引电机运转，使电机切换至发电机模式产生平滑的反向电磁阻转矩。为实现精准的高动态制动，系统以STM32单片机为主控单元，构建了“速度–电流”双闭环控制架构：外环结合基于状态空间模型的卡尔曼滤波实现低延迟的传感器数据处理，内环通过整定优化的PID算法计算目标阻尼。在主电路拓扑方面，系统采用三相不可控整流、LC平波与Buck-Boost双向直流变换器级联结构，利用PWM技术实时动态调节系统的等效输入阻抗，将转化产生的高品质电能高效存储于超级电容组中。最后，通过引入基于不同应用场景的敏感性测试与全生命周期维护成本的动态经济分析，验证了该方案不仅能够显著提升电梯运行品质，其等效度电成本优势也为特种设备的绿色低碳转型提供了极高的商业推广价值。

Abstract: Operational smoothness and energy efficiency are critical performance indicators for modern elevator systems. Currently, traditional elevators predominantly utilize mechanical friction braking. This method not only suffers from brake shoe wear and significant braking impact but also dissipates a substantial amount of mechanical energy as heat during the deceleration or gravity-driven operation phases. To address these issues, this paper proposes an elevator braking and energy recovery system based on electromagnetic induction. The system innovatively introduces an “integrated electromagnetic-generation” motor control scheme. It utilizes the inertia and gravitational potential energy difference of the elevator during the deceleration phase to drive the top traction motor via moving cables, switching the motor into generator mode to produce a smooth, reverse electromagnetic braking torque. To achieve precise and high-dynamic braking, the system employs an STM32 microcontroller as the main control unit to construct a “speed-current” dual closed-loop control architecture. The outer loop incorporates a Kalman filter based on a state-space model for low-latency sensor data processing, while the inner loop calculates the target damping using a tuned and optimized PID algorithm. Regarding the main circuit topology, the system adopts a cascaded structure comprising a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier, an LC smoothing filter, and a bidirectional Buck-Boost DC converter. By utilizing PWM technology to dynamically adjust the equivalent input impedance of the system in real time, the generated high-quality electrical energy is efficiently stored in a supercapacitor bank. Finally, through the introduction of sensitivity tests based on various application scenarios and a dynamic economic analysis of the full life-cycle maintenance costs, the results verify that this scheme not only significantly enhances the operational quality of elevators but also demonstrates a notable advantage in cost-effectiveness. This offers exceptional commercial promotion value for the green and low-carbon transformation of special equipment.