花生衣降血脂功能研究进展综述

Review on the Research Progress of Peanut Skin in Lowering Blood Lipids

摘要: 随着全球高脂血症患病率的持续上升，寻找安全有效的天然降脂成分已成为营养与健康领域的研究热点。花生衣作为花生加工过程中的主要副产物，长期以来被视为农业废弃物，但其富含原花青素、黄酮类及多酚类等生物活性成分，具有显著的降血脂潜力。本综述系统梳理了2000~2025年间花生衣降血脂功能的研究进展，按照“活性成分鉴定→作用机制解析→实验模型验证→临床研究探索”的逻辑主线进行总结。研究表明，花生衣主要活性成分包括A/B型原花青素低聚物、儿茶素、表儿茶素等，花生衣总酚含量达90~150 mg/g干重，其中A型原花青素占比超过15%，是其发挥降脂活性的核心物质基础。在作用机制上，花生衣展现出多靶点、多通路的特点，包括通过下调脂质合成关键酶的表达抑制脂质合成，降解肠道胆固醇胶束以减少吸收，通过调节肠道菌群及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α等信号通路促进脂肪酸氧化，以及发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用改善代谢环境。在实验验证层面，从Caco-2和3T3-L1细胞等体外模型，到高脂饮食诱导的啮齿类动物和ApoE基因敲除小鼠模型，均证实了其降脂功效；初步人体临床试验亦显示，规律摄入花生可降低总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平。尽管现有研究前景广阔，但高纯度活性成分生物利用度低、大规模长期临床证据不足、产品口感与标准化等问题仍制约其产业化。未来研究应聚焦于利用多组学技术深入解析分子机制、开发新型递送系统以提高生物利用度，并开展大样本、长时间的临床随机对照试验，以推动花生衣从农业废弃物向降血脂功能性食品及天然药物的高效转化。

Abstract: With the continuous increase in the global prevalence of hyperlipidemia, the search for safe and effective natural lipid-lowering components has become a research hotspot in the field of nutrition and health. Peanut skin, a major by-product in peanut processing, has long been regarded as agricultural waste. However, it is rich in bioactive components such as procyanidins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which exhibit significant lipid-lowering potential. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the lipid-lowering function of peanut skin from 2000 to 2025, following the logical sequence of “identification of active components → analysis of mechanism of action → experimental model validation → clinical research exploration”. The study indicates that the main active components of peanut skin include A/B type procyanidin oligomers, catechin, and epicatechin. The total phenolic content of peanut skin reaches 90-150 mg/g dry weight, with type A procyanidins accounting for more than 15%, serving as the core material basis for its lipid-lowering activity. In terms of mechanism of action, peanut skin exhibits multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics, including inhibiting lipid synthesis by downregulating the expression of key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, degrading intestinal cholesterol micelles to reduce absorption, promoting fatty acid oxidation by regulating intestinal flora and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling pathways, and exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to improve the metabolic environment. At the experimental validation level, its lipid-lowering efficacy has been confirmed from in vitro models such as Caco-2 and 3T3-L1 cells, to high-fat diet-induced rodent models and ApoE gene knockout mouse models; preliminary human clinical trials also show that regular intake of peanuts can reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Despite the promising prospects of existing research, issues such as low bioavailability of high-purity active components, insufficient large-scale long-term clinical evidence, and product taste and standardization still constrain its industrialization. Future research should focus on utilizing multi-omics technologies to deeply analyze molecular mechanisms, developing novel delivery systems to improve bioavailability, and conducting large-sample, long-duration randomized controlled clinical trials, to promote the efficient transformation of peanut skin from agricultural waste to lipid-lowering functional foods and natural medicines.