山西灵空山油松林凋落物节律研究

Study on Litterfall Production and Dynamic in Pinus tabuliformis Forest of Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi Province

摘要: 依托山西灵空山4 hm²松栎混交林和1 hm²油松(Pinus tabuliformis)纯林森林动态监测样地为研究平台，以2014年10月到2015年10月收集的凋落物为研究对象，对其产量和组成的动态变化特征进行研究。结果表明松栎混交林的凋落物年产量为3644.97 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹，油松纯林年产量为4402.79 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹，差异显著(P < 0.05)。两种群落类型的凋落集中在10~11月份，总体动态呈现单峰型；包括叶、枝、树皮在内的营养器官所占总量比例，4 hm²和1 hm²样地分别为73.58%和81.20%，其凋落动态也为单峰型；年凋落物量各组分中落叶量最大，主导了总量的月动态变化趋势，4 hm²样地和1 hm²样地分别为2348.36 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹和3068.89 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹，占总量的64.43%和69.72%。两样地凋落物中落枝量以及生殖器官量无显著差异，而落叶量、树皮量、杂物量均有显著差异(P < 0.05)。生殖器官方面，4 hm2样地和1 hm²样地的年产量分别为798.50 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹和598.72 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹，占总量的21.91%和13.60%；两样地的生殖器官凋落动态均为双峰型。4 hm²样地上收集到的生殖器官中最大的组分为辽东栎果实，1 hm²样地上最大的组分为油松球果。两样地上油松物种落叶动态相似，而4 hm²样地内油松和辽东栎两物种凋落动态有一定差异：油松针叶动态不同年份差异较大，而辽东栎落叶规律性相对较强，其高峰均为10月；两者落花都集中在6月份，果的凋落期分别为10月~11月和8月~10月。

Abstract: This study was based on the 4 hm² Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus wutaishanica mixed forest and 1 hm² Pinus tabuliformis forest dynamic monitoring plot in Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi Province. We studied litterfall from October 2014 to October 2015 with litterfall traps, and analyzed the yield amount, composition and dynamic variation features of the samples. The annual littlefall production was calculated as 3644.97 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹ in the mixed forest of Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus wutaishanica, and that was 4402.79 kg∙hm^-2∙a⁻¹ in the Pinus tabuliformis pure forest, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). In both communities, the litter patterns could be described by a single-peaked curve, and it peaked during October and November. The percentage of nutritive organs (including leaf, bark and brunch) was 73.58% and 81.20%, respectively. Their litter pattern could be also described by a single-peaked curve. The annual leaf litter was both the largest in the 4 hm2 and 1 hm2 sample plots among all the elements, which was 2348.36 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹ and 3068.89 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹, and accounted 64.43% and 69.72%, respectively. Leaf litter dominated the monthly dynamics of total litter. There was no remarkable difference on brunch litter and reproductive organ litter between two plots. However, leaf litter, bark litter and other litter all showed obvious difference (P < 0.05). As for reproductive organs, the annual litterfall production was 798.50 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹ in 4 hm² plot and 598.72 kg∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹ in 1 hm2 plot, making up 21.91% and 13.60% in total litterfall amount. The dynamics curves of reproductive organ litter were both double-peaked in two plots. The largest element of reproductive organs in 4 hm² plot was Quercus wutaishanica fruit, while Pinus tabuliformis fruit was the major in 1 hm² plot. The dynamics of Pinus tabuliformis litter in 4 hm² plot was similar to that in 1 hm² plot, while the litter dynamics of Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus wutaishanica had a certain difference: needle leaf litter dynamics of Pinus tabuliformis varied with different years, while broad leaf litter pattern of Quercus wutaishanica was regular relatively, and they both reached the top in October; the flower litter peak of the two species both emerged in June, while the fruit litter periods for Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus wutaishanica were from October to November and from August to October, respectively.