沉默或共谋、文明或野蛮：论《摸彩》与《飞刀表演者》中的集体暴力

Silence or Collusion, Civilization or Barbarism: Collective Violence in “The Lottery” and “The Knife Thrower”

摘要: 雪莉•杰克逊的《摸彩》和斯蒂文•米尔豪瑟的《飞刀表演者》在故事内容，主旨深度，及创作意图方面具有极高的参互性与相似度。两位作家均以平实的笔调描绘了令人匪夷所思的集体暴行。本文从精神分析的角度出发，借助古斯塔夫•勒庞和弗洛伊德对于群体心理的研究，且在文学人类学对于“仪式”的观照视角之下，通过剖析故事中集体暴力的参与者及发生机制，认为故事中村民和观众的集体幻觉及群体认同，以及故事中仪式活动的结构与反结构性共同导致了《摸彩》和《飞刀表演者》中的集体暴力。而通过叙事仪式化，杰克逊和米尔豪瑟创作上述暴力文本的目的，不仅在于审视群体心理中的消极倾向、揭露仪式的野蛮与暴力潜质，更利用仪式阀限性的特征表达了作家对于社会进步与改善的殷切期待。

Abstract: Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Steven Millhauser’s “The knife Thrower” share much common ground in plots, thematic significance as well as the creation purpose. The two writers describe the unconceivable collective violence in an ordinary way. From the perspective of psychoanalysis and literary anthropology, backed up with Gustave Le Bon’s and Sigmund Freud’s analysis of group psychology, this paper delves into the participant and the occurrence mechanism of collective violence in these two stories. It argues that the group’s collective fantasy and their blind identification as well as the structural and anti-structural characteristics of rituals all contribute to the occurrence of collective violence. And through the narrative ritualization, Jackson and Millhauser not only criticize the negative tendency of group mind, the savage potential of rituals, they also embody their expectation for social progress in ritualistic threshold.