微波技术在土壤消毒方面应用综述

Summary of Application of Microwave Technology in Soil Disinfection

摘要: 土壤传病虫害与顽固性杂草一直是造成作物减产的重要因素，对农作物种植前的土壤进行消毒处理是防控病、虫、草害的重要手段。土壤中寄存着一定数量的虫卵、病原菌与草籽，微波所具有的穿透性能有效的将其杀灭，相比于同样有穿透效果的溴甲烷化学药剂土壤消毒法，微波法不会对环境造成污染、无药物残留，是一种高效、无公害、理想的病虫草害防治手段。首先，本文对微波的生成与微波土壤的消毒机理进行阐述，在此基础上分析了微波对土壤的穿透性、作用于生物体时产生的热效应与非热效应。进而，总结归纳了国内外学者针对微波杀菌特性研制出的多种基于微波技术的土壤消毒设备，对微波消毒设备在不同的结构形式的土壤消毒特性进行分析，按照微波土壤消毒设备作业形式上的不同将其分为表面非接触式、犁形接触式和分离取土式，其中分离土式消毒一定程度上提升了微波对土壤的处理效率。最后，对微波土壤消毒设备亟待解决的问题进行了展望：1) 微波发射微波频率的不同对土壤的穿透性与灭菌除草实际效果的影响；2) 土壤含水率的高低对灭菌除草及有效作业空间的影响，并提出利用试验方法根据微波发射的频率、土壤含水率等因素来确定实际生产中微波土壤消毒设备的工作参数与工作环境。

Abstract: Soil-borne diseases and insect pests and persistent weeds have always been an important factor in reducing crop yields. Disinfecting the soil before planting crops is an important means of preventing and controlling diseases, insects and weeds. A certain number of insect eggs, pathogenic bacteria and grass seeds are stored in the soil. The penetration performance of microwave can effectively kill them. Compared with the same penetration effect of methyl bromide chemical agent soil disinfection method, the microwave method will not cause the environment pollution and there is no drug residue. It is an efficient, pollution-free and ideal means of preventing and controlling diseases, insects and weeds. First of all, this article describes the generation of microwaves and the mechanism of microwave soil disinfection. On this basis, the penetration of microwaves to soil, and the thermal and non-thermal effects generated when acting on organisms are analyzed. Furthermore, a variety of soil disinfection equipments based on microwave technology developed by scholars at home and abroad for the characteristics of microwave sterilization are summarized. The soil disinfection characteristics of the microwave disinfection equipment in different structural forms are analyzed, and the operation form of the microwave soil disinfection equipment is analyzed. It is divided into surface non-contact type, plow-shaped contact type and separated soil extraction type. The separated soil type disinfection improves the efficiency of microwave treatment of soil to a certain extent. Finally, the problems to be solved urgently by microwave soil disinfection equipment are prospected: 1) The influence of different microwave frequencies on the penetration of the soil and the actual effect of sterilization and weeding; 2) The level of soil moisture content affects sterilization and weeding. It also proposes to use test methods to determine the working parameters and working environment of microwave soil disinfection equipment in actual production according to the frequency of microwave emission, soil moisture content and other factors.