建构与重置：奥尔加•托卡尔丘克小说《太古和其他的时间》的性别空间解读

Construction and Reset: Gender Space in Olga Tokarczuk’s Primeval and Other Times

摘要: 在小说《太古和其他的时间》中，奥尔加•托卡尔丘克通过讲述太古三代人各自的人生故事，生动地再现了太古当中历时与共时的空间关系。基于此，本文通过性别空间的视角挖掘小说的潜文本，分析父权社会性别空间的建构，并阐明女性角色如何反抗父权空间秩序，实现性别空间的变化与重置。研究发现，1) 小说中，父权社会通过空间禁锢和身体暴力压迫女性他者，建构起以男性为主导的性别空间秩序；2) 面对父权社会空间对女性自我的铭刻和桎梏，她们时刻以身体反叛和空间逃离的方式对抗着这种压迫；3) 而历经太古三代女性彻底或不彻底的对抗，男性/公共空间与女性/私人空间的父权性别秩序发生逐渐发生变化和重置。这部小说是托卡尔丘克身为女权主义者对女性最深切的关怀，在小说中，她不只是重申父权社会的对女性的压迫，更是给广大女性提供了出路——反抗由父权来构建性别空间，而不是仅仅反抗父权所构建的性别空间的界限。

Abstract: In the novel Primeval and Other Times, Olga Tokarczuk reproduces the diachronic and synchronic spatial relationships in Poland in the 20th century by telling a superb story of an extended family in Primeval. From the perspective of gender space, this paper analyzes the construction of gender space in patriarchal society and expounds on how female characters resist and rest the order of patriarchal gender space. It is found that: 1) The patriarchal society oppresses the female other through spatial imprisonment and physical violence, and constructs a gender spatial order dominated by men; 2) Facing the imprint and shackle of patriarchal social space on women’s self, they always resist this oppression by means of physical rebellion and space escape; 3) After the complete or incomplete confrontation from three generations of women in Primeval, the patriarchal gender order of male/public space and female/private space has been gradually changed and reset. This novel expresses Tokarczuk’s deepest concern for women as a feminist, in which she not only reaffirms the oppression of women in the patriarchal society, but also provides ways for women to resist the construction of gender space by patriarchy.