大类招生和专业分流对学生成绩及培养质量影响的实证研究

A Verification Study on the Effects of General Enrollment and Major Diversion on Students’ Scores and Cultivation Quality

摘要: 专业大类招生政策和专业分流人才培养是近年来教育改革的重要措施之一。大类招生和专业分流在具备优势的同时，也带来了一定的副作用。本文总结了近年来大类招生政策和专业分流人才培养的弊端。通过2019级和2020级各八个专业的长期成绩跟踪对比分析，实例证明了大类招生政策和专业分流人才培养所造成的成绩差异及培养质量的影响。研究结论认为，大类招生政策虽具备较多优点，但容易造成该大类下各小专业学生成绩的两极分化，该大类专业下的强势专业将虹吸弱势专业的资源和生源，不利于大类专业下各小专业的均衡发展。此外，大类招生还存在适用性情形，即对该大类专业下各专业特性、专业实力和专业资源相差不大时比较合适。本文的研究结论可以为各高等院校在进行大类招生与专业分流时提供借鉴和参考。

Abstract: The general enrollment policy of major categories and the cultivation of professional talents are one of the important measures of educational reform in recent years. While having advantages, general enrollment and major diversion have also brought certain side effects. This paper summarized the disadvantages of the general enrollment policy and the cultivation of professional talents in recent years. Through the long-term performance tracking and comparative analysis of eight majors in 2019 and 2020 as examples, we have proved the difference in performance and the impact of training quality caused by major enrollment policies and professional talent training. The conclu-sion of the study is that although the general enrollment policy of the major category has many advantages, it is easy to bring the polarization of the students’ grades of the small majors under the major category. The strong majors under the major category will siphon the resources and students of the weak majors, which is not conducive to the balanced development of the small majors under the major category. In addition, there are applicability situations in the enrollment of major categories, that is, it is more appropriate when there is little difference in the characteristics, professional strength and professional resources of each major under this major category. The research conclusion of this paper can provide reference for colleges and universities when carrying out general major enrollment and professional diversion.