吴方言量词“记”动量时量的认知考察

A Cognitive Study of the Quantifier “Ji” in the Longyou Dialect of Zhejiang Province, in Terms of its Momentum Tense

摘要: 在吴语方言中，量词“记”以表动作量和时间量为主。动量和时量的区别实际并不完全严格，动量词“记”往往带有短暂时量特征，时量词“记”常常带有微小动量特征。“记”的内部存在一个“量”连续统，可以大致划分为：[+计事]→动量词记1时量词记₂←[+计时]。从认知角度来说，量的变化源于人对动量结构不同的认知。能进入“V一记”动量结构的动词存在一个外部的界性连续统，可以大致划分为：[+有界]→瞬间自主动作动词V₁活动心理动词V₂持续自主动作动词V₃状态心理动词V₄起始动词V₅结果动词V₆瞬间非自主动作动词V7静态动词V₈←[+无界]。有界特征相同的动词在不同的语境中情状可能不同，有界特征不同的动词在相同的语境中情状也可能不同，不同的谓语情状使得动量结构认知图式中显著量不同，人的认知发生改变，从而发生量词计量指称的变化，最终体现为量词的语法化。本文以动词的分类为线索，对动量结构中“记”的动量时量变化进行认知考察，借助隐喻泛化与界性认知理论分析语法化动因。

Abstract: In the Longyou dialect of Zhejiang, the quantifier “记” is mainly used to express the amount of action and the amount of time. The distinction between momentum and time is not entirely strict, as the momentum word “记” is often characterised by transient time, while the time word “记” is often characterised by tiny momentum. There is a continuum of quantities within “remember”, which can be roughly divided as follows: [+counting] → verbal classifier (in Chinese grammar) V1temporal classifier (in Chinese grammar) V₂← [+timing]. From the cognitive point of view, the change of quantity originates from the different perception of the structure of momentum. There is an external continuum of boundedness for verbs that can enter the “V一记” momentum structure, which can be roughly classified as follows: [+bounded] → instantaneous autonomous action verb V₁, active mental verb V₂, sustained autonomous action verb V₃, state mental verb V₄, start verb V₅, result verb V₆, instantaneous non-autonomous action verb V₇, static verb V₈ ← [+unbounded]. Verbs with the same bounded features may have different situations in different contexts, and verbs with different bounded features may have different situations in the same contexts. Different predicative situations make the significant quantities in the cognitive schema of the momentum structure different, and human cognition changes, which leads to a change in the referent of the quantifier measure, and is ultimately manifested in the grammaticalisation of quantifiers. In this paper, we take the classification of verbs as a clue, examine the cognitive changes of the verb tense of “记” in the verb structure, and analyze the motivation of grammaticalisation with the help of the theory of metaphorical generalisation and bounded cognition.