自发性腹膜炎相关检测技术的研究进展
Advances in Detection Techniques Related to Spontaneous Peritonitis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461913, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 肖斌青, 黄大元:吉首大学医学院,湖南 吉首;李勇忠:湖南医药学院总医院感染病中心,湖南 怀化
关键词: 自发性腹膜炎检测技术疾病管理Spontaneous Peritonitis Detection Techniques Disease Management
摘要: 自发性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterialperitonitis, SBP)作为肝硬化腹水患者常见的严重并发症。延迟诊断、错误诊断和未能及时采用有效的抗生素,可严重影响患者的预后。SBP的诊断主要依赖于有创性检测方式,其存在感染、低效能等局限性,相对无创及更高检测效能的生物标志物和技术逐渐发展为该领域的热点。合理使用相关检测技术对实现该病的综合管理具有重要的临床意义。本文基于SBP相关检测技术进行阐述,旨在为临床诊治SBP提供一些依据。
Abstract: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and serious complication in patients with cirrhotic ascites. Delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis and failure to use effective antibiotics in time can seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The diagnosis of SBP mainly relies on invasive testing, which has limitations such as infection and inefficiency, and relatively non-invasive biomarkers and techniques with higher detection efficacy are gradually developing as hotspots in this field. The rational use of relevant detection technologies is of great clinical significance in achieving comprehensive management of the disease. This article is based on SBP related detection techniques and aims to provide some basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of SBP.
文章引用:肖斌青, 李勇忠, 黄大元. 自发性腹膜炎相关检测技术的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 1302-1309. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461913

1. 引言

Harold Conn等[1]学者于1964年将肝硬化患者出现发热、寒战、腹部不适等症状归为存在腹水感染的表现,并基于腹腔穿刺技术提出了SBP的概念。目前认为SBP是指:在没有直接腹腔内脏器感染源头下发生的腹腔感染[2],是导致肝硬化患者病情恶化、肝硬化晚期死亡的重要原因之一[3]

SBP患者早期症状缺乏特异性,需积极寻找腹水感染依据。2021年美国肝病实践指南[4]指出对于住院的腹水患者,均应行腹水诊断性穿刺以明确诊断。有研究[5]得出SBP患者延迟腹腔穿刺与院内死亡率增加密切相关,同时研究发现每延迟1小时治疗,死亡率将增加10% [6]。但腹水相关指标涉及有创操作,频繁使用腹水指标评估治疗效果和病情变化可能受限,且多次腹腔穿刺可能增加穿刺部位感染等并发症的风险[7],OR值达1.6 [8],需更多创伤小,准确度更高的指标去指导临床工作。

2. 诊断标准

当目前SBP的诊断标准,主要有国外多国标准(含英、美、意大利)和国内的中华标准,具体见表1

Table 1. Diagnostic standards

1. 诊断标准

美国肝病研究协会[4] (AASLD)

英国胃肠病学学会与肝脏研究协会[9]

[10]

意大利肝病学会 (AISF)

中华医学会肝病分会[11]

腹水PMN计数 > 250/mm3或腹水培养阳性,并排除继发性腹膜炎

腹水PMN计数 > 250/mm3或腹水培养阳性,并排除继发性腹膜炎

腹水PMN计数 > 250/mm3或腹水培养阳性,并排除继发性腹膜炎

有典型腹膜炎症状和(或)体征,并符合下列一项或多项:① 腹水PMN > 250/mm3;② 腹水培养阳性;③ PCT > 0.5 ng/mL,排除其他部位感染。

对比以上诊断标准,我们可观察到国内诊断标准更重视症状学的临床诊断和肯定了降钙素原对于SBP的诊断意义。

同时,以上标准都对自发性腹膜炎特殊类型进行了描述,具体表述见表2

Table 2. Special types of spontaneous peritonitis

2. 自发性腹膜炎特殊类型


腹水PMN > 250/mm3

腹水PMN < 250/mm3

腹水培养阳性

典型SBP

细菌性腹水(BA)

腹水培养阴性

中性粒细胞增多性腹水(CNNA)

无菌性腹水(SA)

综合目前检测技术原理,协助SBP诊疗相关指标主要集中在三个方向:中心粒细胞相关;病原学;非特异性炎症指标并排除诊断。以下为对经典指标及目前研究较热指标进行阐述。

3. 检测指标

3.1. 中心粒细胞相关指标

3.1.1. 腹水中心粒细胞计数

中性粒细胞,又名多形核白细胞(polymorphonuclear, PMN),现有研究认为,其可通过识别机体感染灶中产生的趋化信号,聚集于感染部位,进而吞噬入侵的细菌,是先天免疫与细胞免疫的重要基石[12]。腹水PMN计数 > 250/mm3是诊断SBP的金标准,并对评估抗生素疗效有一定价值[2] [4] [13]。但临床工作中,该指标容易受多方面影响,如患者既往抗菌药物的使用、腹水量、脾功能亢进、中心粒细胞自溶等[14]。其次,也有学者[15]指出以当前PMN界值并不能鉴别如细菌性腹水、中性粒细胞增多性腹水(culture negative neutrocyticascites, CNNA) [16]等特殊的自发性腹膜炎类型,而这些特殊类型预后多不佳,需结合临床实际进行分析。郑俊福等学者[17]研究指出,将诊断标准阈值设为100/mm³时灵敏度可提高至93.2%,有助于早期临床决策,改善预后。如上也体现了该检测手段目前仍有一定临床使用上的争议性。

3.1.2. 乳铁蛋白与钙卫蛋白

乳铁蛋白作为一种主要在中心粒细胞合成的阳离子铁结合糖蛋白[18],可经人体多种体液运输,通过其耦合的阳离子铁及本身所带电荷等结构发挥抗菌、免疫调节等作用[19] [20],已有不少研究认可其在SBP方面的相关价值。一项前瞻性研究[21]中得出乳铁蛋白在SBP组与非SBP组之间具有明显统计学差异,并对指导抗生素治疗后随访有一定临床意义。Lee等学者[22]得出:当腹水乳铁蛋白检测含量达51.4 ng/ml时,对于诊断SBP有重要价值(灵敏度95.8%,特异度74.4%),ROC曲线下面积达到了0.898,同时对于单纯肝硬化腹水患者,乳铁蛋白升高对预测肝硬化癌变也有一定作用。

钙卫蛋白,是一种钙锌结合蛋白,主要来源于中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞,可反应急性炎性细胞活化,继而评估机体炎症情况[23],在肠道炎症和肠屏障受损时常呈升高趋势。现有研究认为检测粪便中的钙卫蛋白水平有助于评估SBP患者的肠道屏障状态和细菌易位的风险[24]。而检测腹水中该指标水平可反应SBP的发生与复发情况。研究得出腹水钙卫蛋白 ≥ 550 ng/ml时,能在一定程度预测SBP的复发[25],且当腹水钙卫蛋白 > 1570 ng/ml时,对于诊断SBP有极高的敏感度(87.8%)和特异度(97.9%),同时针对血清–腹水白蛋白梯度 > 11 g/l的患者,钙卫蛋白测定可增加SBP诊断的敏感性和减少阴性预测值[26]

一项循证医学资料[27]综合论证了两者对于早期诊断SBP均有较高的准确性,有望成为诊断SBP的有力指标。但是两项指标高检验效能是否与市场中多种检测试剂导致界定范围宽泛相关,需进一步研究明确。

3.1.3. 肝素结合蛋白

肝素结合蛋白(heparine-binding protein, HBP)又名azurocidin或CAP37,是一种化学引诱剂,可激活中性粒细胞、T淋巴细胞和单核细胞,从而促进细胞因子释放及发挥吞噬作用,并诱导血管渗漏,在人体的炎症反应和血管通透性调节中起着重要作用[28],可为诊断和监控感染性疾病提供重要的临床信息[29]。研究发现[30],HBP相较于C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)等非特异性炎症指标具有更高的敏感性和特异性,同时通过连续测量HBP水平显示,其可在脓毒症诊断前至少24小时显著升高,这也意味着其水平升高可对感染预后不良提供一定依据。目前已有少许研究探讨其在SBP中的临床意义,但对于其价值褒贬不一。Tomase等[31]学者研究得出HBP的测定对于明确SBP的诊断没有显著益处,但研究发现[32]腹水中HBP升高水平与患者预后差呈正相关。故其可能用于评估SBP的预后情况。

3.1.4. CD64

CD64为免疫球蛋白G Fc段的一个高亲和力位点,易在感染灶中激活,进而在中性粒细胞上快速而强烈的诱导表达,使其在追踪细菌感染临床进展和评估抗生素疗效方面优于PCT和其他常规指标[33]-[35]。目前对于CD64的表达是否会受到感染部位影响尚不明确[36],在SBP患者中是否会有特殊表达意义值得进一步研究。现有研究得出CD64 [37],尤其是CD64指数[38],在SBP的诊断中显示出显著优势,敏感性和特异性(95.3%和92.3%),AUC达0.93,这一发现使其成为区分这两组的有用生物学标志物。一项涉及123例肝硬化腹水患者的研究表明,CD64指数与腹水PMN呈强正相关。此外,在诊断效果方面,CD64指数对SBP患者的敏感性和特异性分别为80.49%和93.90% [39]。同时不少研究观察到该指数在抗生素治疗后下降明显,表明其在监测治疗反应方面也有潜在的价值[35] [39]-[41]。目前没有明确提到CD64指数用于预测SBP预后的相关研究。现有研究较为认可CD64在脓毒血症方向的临床价值,是否可成为SBP患者预后不良的预测因素值得进一步探讨。

3.1.5. 中心粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值

中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)反映了机体在感染时免疫系统的状态。中性粒细胞是炎症前线细胞,其增多可能表示炎症程度加剧。淋巴细胞是免疫系统的重要组成部分,其减少可能暗示免疫功能下降。故监测NLR可以帮助评估感染的严重程度,并为治疗和预后评估提供重要信息[42]。一项涵盖14项研究的META分析发现[43],在肝硬化腹水患者中,NLR在SBP患者中检测出更高水平。这些研究包括2786名住院的肝硬化患者,其中934人存在感染,而1573名肝硬化腹水患者中,便有557人为SBP患者。研究[44]得出NLR > 3.38可用于预测肝硬化腹水中SBP的发生,敏感性达94%,特异性为80%,并且随着NLR每增加一个单位,SBP的发生概率将增加2.75倍。当血清NLR界值取3.50时,协助诊断SBP敏感度甚至可达100% [45],更有研究[46]认为对于血流动力学紊乱的患者,建议使用NLR作为预后/诊断因素。但在实际临床应用中,NLR的测量可能受到包括患者的整体健康状况、实验室测量的准确性等多种因素的影响,需综合患者情况及其他指标进行解读。

3.2. 病原学指标

3.2.1. 腹水培养

细菌培养及药敏试验是临床常用细菌学检测技术,对于明确病原菌及指导抗生素使用有着重要的临床意义。目前对于SBP相关指南均认可腹水培养在SBP诊疗的重要价值。综合目前临床使用情况,该技术存在以下缺陷:① 耗时长,往往需要3~5个工作日,且受微生物生长情况影响明显;② 需要较高的取样规范和送检时限要求[47];③ 阳性检出率有待提高,在目前使用血培养瓶接种条件下,阳性率仍波动在10%~20%,临床实际甚至更低[11] [48] [49]。即时检验技术(Point of Care Testing, POCT)可能优化以上缺陷,但仍需较长时间发展及较大临床投入[50]

3.2.2. 二代测序

二代测序技术(next-generation sequencing, NGS)是一项通过读取核酸序列进而鉴别生物类别的技术,能够在单次实验中同时分析数百到数百万个基因片段,提供远高于传统测序技术的处理能力,对于疑似感染但现有检测技术阴性或罕见病原体感染的患者可起到较大的协助诊断意义[51] [52]。现有学者研究指出[53],在肝硬化合并疑似腹水感染患者中,NGS能检测到更广泛的病原体从而更好地指导临床用药。但目前临床工作运用NGS仍有价格昂贵、数据库不完整等多种不足[54],且对于区分定植菌和病原菌不如传统细菌培养,需人为判断[55] [56],也是限制肝硬化腹水患者早期接受NGS检测的原因之一。

3.3. 非特异性炎症指标

白介素-6及C-反应蛋白

炎症因子类血清学指标在临床运用广泛,尤其以白介素6 (IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)最为常见,对于判断细菌感染已获得多数临床医师的普遍认可[57]。一些研究尝试论证这类指标在SBP患者中的价值,如董倩学者[58]通过测定药物治疗SBP患者前后IL-6水平,发现组内前后具有明显差异,且随着治疗的进展发生了同向性改变。目前的机制研究[59]认为,这种改变可能与IL-6在调节感染过程中的氧化应激水平有关。一项研究[60]发现,与非SBP组相比,SBP组的患者血清中的CRP水平显著升高。有趣的是,这项研究也表明,将CRP与PCT结合使用并不能提高SBP诊断准确性。IL-6和CRP是急性反应蛋白,它们在体内的多种炎症和感染状态下都会升高[61],这种广泛的反应性可能导致它们在SBP的诊疗中缺乏特异性,所以这类炎症标志物不是协助SBP相关诊疗的理想生物学标志物。

4. 小结及展望

SBP作为一种肝硬化潜在致命的并发症,其早期诊断和及时治疗对改善患者预后具有决定性影响。腹水PMN计数、腹水培养作为诊断SBP的金标准,仍存在临床应用受限,新兴生物标志物如HBP及CD64等在早期诊断和监测治疗反应方面展现出不错潜力,相关指数如NLR提供了一种简便易得的方式来评估SBP的严重程度和治疗反应,但新兴检测指标的可接受性和成本效益,仍是当前需要克服的主要障碍。未来研究应侧重于验证SBP诊疗相关新兴生物标志物和技术的临床应用价值,探索出更有效的组合诊断策略,以提高SBP早期诊断的准确性和管理效能。

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