下腔静脉吻合口狭窄致布加综合征1例
Budd-Chiari Syndrome Caused by Stenosis of the Inferior Vena Cava Anastomosis: A Case Report
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1482226, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 詹先晨:西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西 西安;梁树辉*:空军军医大学西京医院消化内科,陕西 西安
关键词: 下腔静脉吻合口狭窄布加综合征Inferior Vena Cava Anastomotic Stenosis Budd-Chiari Syndrome
摘要: 通过介绍1例罕见的肝移植术后下腔静脉吻合口狭窄引起的布加综合征患者的诊治情况,并针对布加综合征进行文献回顾,以提高临床医生对于布加综合征的关注,并减少漏诊或误诊的发生。
Abstract: By introducing the diagnosis and treatment of a rare case of Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by inferior vena cava anastomotic stenosis, and conducting a literature review on Budd-Chiari syndrome, this study aims to increase the attention of clinical doctors to the Budd-Chiari syndrome, and reduce the occurrence of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.
文章引用:詹先晨, 梁树辉. 下腔静脉吻合口狭窄致布加综合征1例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(8): 379-384. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1482226

1. 引言

布加综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome, BCS)在全球范围内是一种较为罕见的疾病,它的特征是肝流出道的梗阻,包括肝静脉及下腔静脉。据已有文献报道,BCS的年发病率约为0.168~4.09/100万[1]。其临床特点是引起门静脉压力增高及下腔静脉压力增高[2] [3]。由于BCS早期并无特异性表现,因此在临床中常常被误诊或漏诊[4]。本文描述了1例肝移植术后下腔静脉吻合口狭窄患者的诊疗经过,报道如下。

2. 临床资料

患者,女,35岁,因“肝移植术后2年,下腹部胀痛4天、发热1天”入院。患者于2015年1月因肝癌(AJCC pT2Nx)在空军军医大学西京医院(下文简称“我院”)行肝癌切除术。2016年1月复查时发现肿瘤复发,给予多次肝癌射频及介入治疗,但因患者肝功能持续恶化,无法继续接受治疗,于2017年8月31日在全麻下行肝移植、胆肠吻合术,术后恢复良好出院,并按医嘱服用抗排斥药物治疗。

2017年11月20日,患者因“下腹部胀痛4天、发热1天”再次入院,体温最高39.0℃,入院后查体:皮肤及粘膜明显黄染,伴皮下出血点及蜘蛛痣,腹部膨隆,下腹部压痛、反跳痛阳性,移动性浊音阳性。血常规检查:红细胞计数2.85 × 109/L,白细胞计数1.71 × 109/L,血小板计数24 × 109/L;生化检查:总胆红素(TBil) 92.3 μmol/L,碱性磷酸酶(ALP) 506 IU/L,γ­谷氨酰基转移酶(γ-GGT) 290 IU/L,降钙素原定量检测(PCT) 1.020 ng/ml。腹部超声提示:腹腔积液(中量),肝内胆管扩张。考虑患者存在腹腔感染,胆肠吻合口狭窄。先后给予亚胺培南西斯他汀钠抗感染治疗,补充白蛋白、利尿、改善营养状况等对症支持治疗,并于2017年12月5日行超声引导下经皮经肝胆肠吻合口球囊扩张及内外引流管置入,术后患者症状及实验室指标有所好转(见表1)。

Table 1. Laboratory indicators of the patient

1. 患者的实验室指标


肝功能

肾功能

日期

ALP (IU/L)

γ-GGT (IU/L)

TB (μmol/L)

ALB (g/L)

肌酐(μmol/L)

尿素氮(mmol/L)

11-20

506

290

92.3

35.9

117

10.20

12-06

529

294

104.3

31.2

218

16.40

12-11

368

197

162.1

40.7

241

18.47

12-14

457

226

158.7

39.3

281

19.24

12-18

275

123

86.1

32.8

199

28.81

12-25

470

290

100.3

33.5

191

21.89

12-28

278

163

63.5

36.0

149

17.47

01-02

326

157

120.8

46.2

180

15.78

01-06

239

127

175.5

40.4

273

24.37

01-08

239

106

186.8

42.3

313

27.86

01-15

300

93

186.4

39.6

241

26.38

01-17

274

84

110.4

41.7

262

25.17

01-19

326

101

113.1

41.3

238

25.23

01-22

295

131

124.5

44.5

196

23.81

01-25

313

133

141.2

44.8

162

21.55

01-28

315

120

120.2

44.7

132

16.13

2017年12月9日,患者无明显诱因再次出现腹胀、腹部膨隆,复查腹部超声提示:腹腔积液(中–大量),于2017年12月11日行腹腔穿刺术,术后24 h引流出约3100 ml淡红色血性液体,血常规提示:红细胞计数3.25 × 109/L,白细胞计数2.78 × 109/L,血小板计数13 × 109/L,血红蛋白98 g/L。患者血红蛋白无下降,考虑腹腔内陈旧性出血。2017年12月11日至2017年12月20日期间,腹腔引流管每日引流量约500~1100 ml,患者腹痛、腹胀等症状及肝功能逐渐好转。2017年12月24日,患者无明显诱因出现发热,体温最高39.3℃,给予布洛芬混悬液后体温恢复正常,复查肝生化指标发现再次上升,继续加强保肝、营养支持等治疗后,肝功能有所好转。2018年1月8日,患者再次出现腹部膨隆,移动性浊音阳性,并出现双下肢轻度水肿,发现患者腹腔引流管昨日无引流液,考虑腹腔引流管堵塞,给予冲洗引流管并调整引流管位置后,患者腹部暂无阳性体征,双下肢水肿减退;2018年1月14日,患者再次出现腹部胀痛、膨隆,腹部压痛阳性,移动性浊音阳性,双下肢轻度水肿,考虑腹腔引流管脱落,腹水形成所致,再次行超声引导下经皮腹腔穿刺置管引流术,术后24 h引流出2210 ml淡黄色腹水。

考虑患者系肝移植术后状态,反复肝肾功能异常、腹水持续形成,遂予患者行腹部CT血管成像检查,检查提示:肝上下腔静脉吻合口狭窄(见图1图2),于2018年01~15日在局麻行下腔静脉造影,采用Seldinger技术,经皮右股静脉穿刺插管,造影提示:下腔静脉走形自然,距肝右静脉汇合处可见局限性狭窄,狭窄约50%。经透视下准确定位后依次扩张球囊(D: 8 mm, D: 14 mm),再次造影下腔静脉狭窄段扩张良好。术后持续监测患者肝肾功能,逐渐恢复正常,未再出现腹腔积液,顺利出院。

Figure 1. Stenosis of inferior vena cava anastomosis

1. 下腔静脉吻合口狭窄

Figure 2. Stenosis of inferior vena cava anastomosis

2. 下腔静脉吻合口狭窄

3. 讨论

BCS分为原发性和继发性,原发性BCS多由静脉血栓或血栓前疾病引起,而继发性BCS多由肿瘤、创伤等因素引起[5] [6]。BCS的临床表现差异较大,主要取决于肝静脉流出道梗阻的程度以及是否存在静脉侧支循环来分担压力,根据疾病发生的时间及症状,BCS可分为爆发性、急性、亚急性、慢性[7]。大部分患者都会因肝流出道梗阻引起的门脉系统高压而出现相应的临床症状,仅少部分患者可能由于保留了一部分肝静脉的流通而表现为“无症状”[8]。据报道,BCS常见临床表现为腹痛、腹水、肝大,其他表现包括下肢水肿、腹壁静脉曲张、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂、肝性脑病等[9] [10]。BCS的诊断并不困难,超声、CT及MRI都在BCS的诊断上有着不错的效果。超声可以准确评估流出道梗阻的原因、部位、程度,还能呈现出肝内静脉侧枝的情况、血流动力学以及门脉高压的形态学变化[11]。据报道,超声对BCS的灵敏度和特异度可以达到85%以上[12]。CT对诊断BCS的准确性可达到93.6% [13],其优势在于可以提供有关肝实质、肝静脉、脾门等部位的状态、流出道梗阻的部位和长度以及肝外和肝内侧支的信息[14] [15],因此CT对于血管内介入及手术前对血管的检测提供帮助[16]。而MRI几乎可以兼顾超声和CT的优势,能够更全面地评估BCS的情况[17]。本文报道的患者病情较为复杂,患者入院时考虑腹腔感染及肝移植术后胆肠吻合口狭窄,经治疗后症状有所好转,但后续仍然多次出现腹水、反复肝肾功能异常等典型的BCS症状,在持续的对症治疗并不能很好解决患者的情况时,治疗的重点便转移到寻找病因,找到患者病情反复的关键因素。考虑到患者曾有肝移植的病史,再结合患者较为典型的临床症状,使得罕见的BCS进入考虑诊断的范围。在进行门静脉CT血管成像以及下腔静脉造影后,证实了患者肝静脉流出道梗阻的存在,在找到病因后针对性的治疗,成功解除了患者肝流出道梗阻的情况,患者的症状因此得到真正的改善。

本文报道的患者治疗BCS的方法为血管内介入下血管成形术,采取下腔静脉吻合口球囊扩张的方式解决了肝流出道梗阻的问题。目前临床上针对BCS的治疗方法较为成熟,包括了血管内介入治疗及手术治疗。血管内介入治疗的干预方式有血管成形术、血管内分流及溶栓,血管成形术主要指对梗阻的流出道进行扩张或支架置入,使其恢复正常的血流[18]-[20];血管内分流包括经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS)和直接肝内门腔静脉分流术(DIPS),通过分流的方式降低门脉系统的压力从而实现治疗[21]。对于血栓引起的CBS,溶栓治疗可以取得较好的疗效[22]。在有关BCS的报道中指出,目前BCS一般不采取外科手术的方式进行分流,仅当血管内介入治疗失败的完全型下腔静脉阻塞的情况下才考虑进行手术分流[23]。肝移植被作为各种终末肝脏疾病的最终治疗,其中也包括BCS。据既往文献报道,肝移植治疗BCS的术后5年生存率可达到71%~89% [24]-[26]。然而,Garmpis等人[27]指出:肝移植对于BCS来说既是治疗方案,也是病因,本文中所报道的患者便是如此,因此应充分考虑肝移植对于BCS的双重作用,严格把控肝移植治疗BCS的适应症,当其他治疗全部不能解决BCS时,才应考虑采取肝移植的方式来治疗。

总之,在临床工作中,类似BCS的罕见疾病种类还很多,病人的不同情况以及疾病的复杂性都会掩盖病情的真相,本例患者的诊治经过提示我们:在对症治疗收益甚微时不妨转变思路,从可能存在的病因方面入手,结合患者的病情完善相关检查从而发现真正的病因,从而让我们在诊治的过程中“一针见血”。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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