超声内镜在特发性急性胰腺炎中的应用价值
Application Value of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1482243, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张福桃:内蒙古医科大学第一临床医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
关键词: 特发性急性胰腺炎急性胰腺炎超声内镜检查Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Endoscopic Ultrasonography
摘要: 特发性急性胰腺炎(Idiopathic acute pancreatitis, IAP)是指除外饮酒、滥用药物等因素后,结合患者病史、体格检查、实验室检查及影像学检查仍无法明确病因的急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)。与CT和MRI相比,超声内镜(Endoscopic ultrasound, EUS)探头离胰腺距离近,可清楚观察胰腺结构,可作为内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP),及磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, MRCP)等影像学检查及血钙、血脂、抗核抗体和IgG4等实验室检查诊断失败时的一种重要诊断工具。EUS与ERCP相比其并发症发生率低。目前EUS已发展成为评估胰胆疾病及指导治疗的重要检查方式。本文指在探讨了EUS在IAP中的临床应用价值。
Abstract: Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (Idiopathic acute pancreatitis, IAP) refers to acute pancreatitis (acute pancreatitis, AP) in which the etiology is still not clear in combination with patient history, physical examination, laboratory examination and imaging examination after excluding alcohol consumption, drug abuse and other factors. Compared with CT and MRI, endoscopic ultrasonography (Endoscopic ultrasound, EUS) probe is closer to the pancreas to clearly observe the structure of pancreas. It can be used as an important diagnostic tool for imaging examinations such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, MRCP) and laboratory tests such as serum calcium, blood lipids, antinuclear antibodies and IgG4 when the diagnosis fails. The incidence of complications in EUS is lower than that in ERCP. At present, EUS has developed into an important examination method to evaluate pancreaticobiliary diseases and guide treatment. This article discusses the clinical application value of EUS in IAP.
文章引用:张福桃. 超声内镜在特发性急性胰腺炎中的应用价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(8): 507-513. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1482243

1. 引言

AP最常见的病因有胆结石、饮酒、慢性胰腺炎和其他胰腺实质、导管和壶腹疾病,其次是胰腺肿瘤以及高甘油三酯血症、高钙血症和药物相关性胰腺炎。约10%~30%的AP患者的病因尚不清楚,被称为IAP [1]-[4]。对于没有明显饮酒史和没有胆结石病史的患者,明确病因困难,在评估病情时,尽管使用常规影像学和实验室检查进行评估,但胰腺炎的几个病因仍可能被遗漏。因此,对于不明原因的AP,通常考虑进行先进的成像技术和内镜检查。虽然EUS并不是主要用于诊断胆道疾病,但它仍然是胃肠道各种病变的诊断和分期的基石,并已发展为评估多种胰腺疾病的最准确的影像学检查之一[3] [4]。既往研究表明EUS可以明确79%的初发AP患者的病因[5]。其常见的病因包括小胆总管结石、胆汁淤泥、慢性胰腺炎或横断面影像学未发现的胰腺小肿瘤,因此,通常推荐将EUS用于40岁及以上且病因不明的AP患者[5] [6]。因其可以提供胰腺、胆道系统和邻近结构图像已成为诊断IAP的有价值的工具。

2. EUS在IAP中的应用

EUS是一种微创手术,结合了内镜检查和高频超声,可直接观察胰腺和周围的解剖结构,包括胆道系统、Vater、胰管和十二指肠壁。EUS引导下的细针穿刺活检可提供细胞学和组织学标本,有助于诊断胰腺疾病。EUS也可以与ERCP同时进行治疗通过EUS诊断的疾病。EUS可明确初发IAP患者病因,其中30%~40%的患者中有微小结石;其他病因包括胆总管小结石、胰腺分裂、小胰腺肿瘤、胰管狭窄和Oddi括约肌功能障碍[7]-[9]。EUS还有助于识别细微的结构异常,如胆总管囊肿、十二指肠壁囊性营养不良和壶腹狭窄,这些都可能导致胰腺炎和胰腺寄生虫[10] [11]。此外,EUS引导下的细针穿刺活检也可用于诊断自身免疫性胰腺炎,排除恶性肿瘤并指导治疗[12] [13]。虽然MRI和CT可以识别大多数胰腺实质和胰管异常,但通常不能准确检测微结石。EUS和MRCP都用于IAP的诊断。EUS在IAP病因诊断中具有更高的准确性,而MRCP在诊断胆胰管系统可能的解剖学改变方面优于EUS [14]

3. EUS在诊断隐匿性胆结石和微结石中的作用

胆道微结石通常是指直径 < 3毫米的胆结石[15] [16]。尽管EUS和经腹超声的胆石症的超声特征没有明显差异,但由于EUS内镜尖端靠近胆囊,在检测胆结石方面更敏感[17]。小胆囊结石表现为明亮的漂浮病灶,较大的结石后部有阴影,淤泥表现为胆囊或胆管内的高回声内容物。据报道,AIP患者隐匿性胆结石的发生率在10%~73%之间[18]-[20],胆结石仍然是胆囊完整患者胰腺炎的最常见原因。Liu [21]等人的前瞻性研究评估了89例出现急性胰腺炎症状的患者,这些患者通过经腹超声和/或CT出现急性胰腺炎症状。对所有确诊或疑似胆汁性胰腺炎患者均进行ERCP,在疑似特发性胰腺炎患者中进行EUS,在接受EUS的18例特发性胰腺炎患者中,有14例结石大小在1至9毫米之间,经胆囊切除术证实,3例患者经ERCP证实伴有胆总管结石。总之,EUS是诊断微结石的一种有效方法,并且可以指导后续治疗。胆囊切除术、内镜括约肌切开术或熊去氧胆酸等治疗可能会减少胰腺炎的复发。

4. EUS在胆汁性胰腺炎中的应用

在大多数胆源性胰腺炎患者中,因其胰腺炎的胆结石已经排除,使得很难确定哪些患者ERCP加括约肌切开术可能是有益的,在这种情况下,EUS可以提供一种诊断或排除胆总管结石的微创方法。Verma等[22]人对5项评估不同方法诊断胆总管结石的研究进行了综述,发现EUS的综合敏感性为93%,特异性为96%,阳性预测值为93%,阴性预测值为96%。MRCP和EUS之间没有统计学差异。在Liu等[23]人的一项研究中,对100名因急性胰腺炎入院的患者进行了经腹超声、EUS和ERCP检查,结果表明EUS对胆总管结石的诊断与ERCP一样敏感,但并发症发生率较ERCP低。最近的研究表明,通过EUS检查发现37%的IAP患者可能存在胆道相关病因[13] [14],当发现胆道病因时,应采用 ERCP、腹腔镜胆囊切除术或两者兼而有之。一些中心甚至建议,对于可能存在隐匿性胆道疾病的初发或复发的IAP患者进行经验性腹腔镜胆囊切除术[24] [25]。ALT水平升高与急性胆源性胰腺炎相关,症状出现后48小时内ALT > 150 U/L的阳性预测值为85%。因此,IAP患者ALT水平升高强烈提示胆道相关病因[26] [27]。EUS也可以排除其他罕见的AP病因,MRI和EUS对患者胆道进行全面检查,可以发现可能导致胰腺炎复发的罕见病因,或者不进行治疗会使患者发病率和死亡率更高的病因,如慢性胰腺炎、胰腺分裂、胰腺肿瘤、囊性肿瘤、IPMN、胰管结石、胰管狭窄和其他解剖异常[25]。IAP的复发率相对较高,在初次发作后的3年内高达25% [28]。慢性胰腺炎似乎在复发性IAP患者中更为常见,可能是IAP反复发作导致的进行性器官损伤的表现。

5. EUS在特发性急性复发性胰腺炎和Oddi括约肌功能障碍中的应用

特发性急性复发性胰腺炎(Idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis, IARP)是指IAP发作两次或两次以上,且无并发慢性胰腺炎或其他疾病的临床或影像学证据。如果不及时治疗,IARP可能导致慢性胰腺炎[29]-[31]。由于IAP患者常行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,因此许多IARP患者有胆囊切除术史。尽管没有胆囊的患者胆道疾病的诊断率较低,但IARP 中结石仍然是仅次于慢性胰腺炎的第二大常见病因。在IARP的其他研究中,Oddi括约肌功能障碍与高复发率有关[32] [33]

Oddi括约肌功能障碍(Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, SOD)是一种以胆道和胰腺为主要表现的临床综合征。胆道SOD常见于胆囊切除术后,而胰腺SOD与IARP有关[34]。修订后的密尔沃基诊断标准将SOD分为三种类型。I型表现为胆源性疼痛、肝功能检查结果异常和胆管扩张;II型表现为胆源性疼痛,伴有1项实验室或影像学检查异常;III型仅表现为复发性胆道型疼痛[35]。I型SOD的治疗包括ERCP和胆道括约肌切开术,II型SOD的治疗缺乏客观证据,可能需要ERCP联合Oddi括约肌测压引导的括约肌切开术或经验性胆道括约肌切开术。Oddi括约肌压力测量结果、疾病病因学和治疗反应之间的关系尚不清楚,认为经验性括约肌切开术是一种替代治疗方案。最近的研究表明,ERCP和括约肌切开术对III型SOD的疗效有限。综上所述,SOD是一种具有不同亚型和管理策略的复杂疾病,SOD的作用和药物疗效目前仍不清楚。

6. EUS在胰腺分裂中的应用

胰腺分裂是一种常见的先天性畸形。据估计,西方人群的患病率为5%~10% [36]。这种先天性畸形是由于胚胎发育期间胰芽的不完全融合而导致腹侧胰管和背侧胰管融合失败所致。因此,腹侧导管仅通过大乳头引流小部分胰液,而背侧胰腺导管通过小乳头引流大部分胰液。相对于引流胰液量而言,小乳头较小可能导致相对的流出梗阻。由于只有少数胰腺分裂患者出现临床症状,IAP的发作可能与其他因素导致小乳头轻微狭窄有关。有症状的患者表现为复发性急性胰腺炎、慢性胰腺炎或慢性腹痛,但没有胰腺炎的相关证据。多达20%的AIP患者与胰腺分裂有关[18]。偶发急性胰腺炎的患者通常在ERCP后通过小乳头切开术得到改善,而对于慢性胰腺炎或慢性腹痛患者的效果则不太理想。

ERCP是诊断胰腺分裂的金标准,但这种有创检查可能会带来严重并发症。EUS能够相对可靠地诊断胰腺分裂,因此可能成为并发症发生率最低的ERCP的替代方法。当研究人员们使用不同的EUS标准时,其结果也有差异。Bhutani等[37]人认为,缺乏“层叠征”可能有助于确定诊断,6名已知胰腺分裂的患者中,仅在2名患者中发现层叠征,在出现层叠征的两名患者中,一名患者的腹侧导管明显扩张,另一名患者的腹侧胰腺异常巨大。Lai等[38]人建议使用线阵超声内镜进行评估。主胰管可以从主乳头连续进入胰体。可以看到导管穿过胰腺腹侧和背侧之间的边界。缺少这一特征表明胰腺分裂。在此研究中,78%的患者胰管显示充分,EUS的敏感性、特异性、阳性和阴性预测值分别为95%、97%、86%和99%。在胰腺分裂与胰腺炎相关的病例表明,ERCP联合小括约肌切开术和背管支架置入术不仅可作为预防复发的有效措施,并且可以缓解症状。由于针对病因的治疗可减少复发,因此建议IARP患者采用基于EUS的治疗策略[39]

7. EUS在胰腺肿瘤和自身免疫性胰腺炎中的作用

IAP可能与胰腺肿瘤有关。当肿瘤位于胰腺头部时,会阻塞胰管或胆总管,影响胰酶的引流并引发炎症。有时,肿瘤会直接诱发局部炎症并破坏正常的胰腺组织,导致胰腺炎。需要注意的是,与IAP相关的胰腺肿瘤相对不常见,仅占2%至5%。然而,对于老年人或有恶性肿瘤危险因素的患者,仍应排除IAP患者的胰腺肿瘤[40] [41]。用于评估胰腺炎的诊断性影像学检查(如CT、MRCP和EUS)也可用于明确是否存在胰腺肿瘤。继发于肿瘤的胰管阻塞通常是部分性的,因此胰腺肿瘤所致的胰腺炎通常为轻度或复发性胰腺炎。

自身免疫性胰腺炎是一种罕见的慢性胰腺炎,有时可急性发作,形成肿瘤样肿块或导管狭窄,尤其是在胰腺受累的IgG4相关疾病。由于IgG4相关疾病通常伴有其他临床特征,如腹膜后纤维化、肾炎、甲状腺炎、硬化性胆管炎、唾液腺炎和间质性肺炎等,因此当IAP伴有上述体征时,建议检测血清IgG4浓度[42]。自身免疫性胰腺炎在老年人中更常见,其中高达50%的患者在胰腺炎发作后1年内被诊断出患有远处恶性肿瘤,尤其是胃癌、肺癌或前列腺癌。这种关联可能表明自身免疫性胰腺炎代表一种副肿瘤综合征[43]

总而言之,虽然肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病不是IAP的常见原因,但在诊断评估中仍应考虑上述疾病,尤其是在老年人或有其他高危险人群中。胰腺肿瘤因其位置或某些局部生理效应可引起胰腺炎,及时识别和适当治疗与胰腺炎相关的胰腺肿瘤对于改善患者预后至关重要。

8. 总结

AP是一种常见的胃肠道疾病,AP的诊断需要至少满足两个标准:典型的腹痛、高血清脂肪酶或淀粉酶水平以及符合AP的影像学检查(肠道超声、CT或MRI)。大多数AP患者的病程为轻度至中度,但其中多达20%的患者会发展为急性重度坏死性胰腺炎,其死亡率为10%至20% [44]。EUS在诊断和治疗各种胃肠道疾病(包括IAP)方面显示出巨大的潜力。鉴别IAP的潜在原因具有重要的临床意义。它使针对特定病因的针对性治疗成为可能,有可能防止复发和延缓疾病进展。EUS有助于制定适当治疗方案,如括约肌切开术、取石术或支架置入术。此外,EUS有助于肿瘤病变的早期检测、及时的诊断和适当的治疗,最终改善患者的预后。未来的研究应集中在优化EUS技术,探索先进的成像模式的作用,并进行前瞻性研究以确定EUS引导的管理策略的成本效益和长期效益。总之,EUS通过揭示以前无法检测到的潜在原因,彻底改变了IAP的预后。未来需要进行更多研究来确定EUS技术进步的一些新趋势与其对IAP诊断和临床结果的影响之间的直接联系。

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