躯体痛苦障碍心理病理机制研究进展
Research Progress on the Psychopathological Mechanism of Bodily Distress Disorder
DOI: 10.12677/ap.2024.148574, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 应修文:贵州中医药大学人文管理学院,贵州 贵阳;向 慧*:贵州省人民医院心理科,贵州 贵阳
关键词: 躯体痛苦障碍压力觉知易感素质心理病理Bodily Distress Disorder Stress Perception Diathesis Psychopathology
摘要: 目前躯体痛苦障碍的发病机制尚不清楚,患者的生活质量也受到严重影响。压力–素质模型认为,个体对环境压力的易感性(素质)和实际面临的压力性生活事件(压力)共同作用,可能导致精神障碍的发生。当个体具有脆弱性或易感性并暴露于压力性生活事件时,就可能会出现躯体痛苦障碍。因此,本文将围绕心理社会因素层面对躯体痛苦障碍的研究进行综述,探究其潜在的心理病理关联机制,以期为临床治疗躯体痛苦障碍患者制定精准的心理干预治疗措施提供理论依据。
Abstract: Currently, the pathogenesis of bodily distress disorder is still unclear, and the quality of life of patients is severely affected. The stress-diathesis model suggests that the combination of individual susceptibility to environmental stress (diathesis) and actual stressful life events (stress) may lead to the occurrence of mental disorders. When an individual has vulnerability or susceptibility and is exposed to stressful life events, bodily distress disorder may occur. Therefore, this article will review the research on bodily distress disorder from the perspective of psychosocial factors, explore its potential psychopathological mechanisms, and provide theoretical basis for the development of precise psychological intervention and treatment measures for clinical treatment of patients with bodily distress disorder.
文章引用:应修文, 向慧 (2024). 躯体痛苦障碍心理病理机制研究进展. 心理学进展, 14(8), 502-509. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2024.148574

1. 引言

躯体痛苦障碍(Bodily Distress Disorder, BDD)是《国际疾病分类》第11版(International Classification of Diseases, ICD-11)中一个新的疾病诊断病名,以躯体症状导致的个体痛苦感以及个体对这些躯体症状不成比例的过度关注为特征。本障碍以多种躯体症状为主诉,但强调当身体出现阳性症状后个体异常的认知、情感、行为等精神症状的特征,强调BDD和躯体疾病可以共病(Basavarajappa, Dahale, & Desai, 2020)。BDD是新的疾病分类名称,目前尚缺乏相关研究,由于其与DSM-5中躯体症状障碍(Somatic Symptom Disorders, SSD)及ICD-10中躯体形式障碍(Somatoform Disorders, SFD)诊断的同质性,故沿用既往的诊断概念阐述。有研究显示,SSD在心身门诊的患病率高达51.8% (Behm et al., 2021)。老年人有更严重的SSD,社区老年人(>60岁)患病率高于非老年人(63.2%比45.3%),且抑郁或焦虑障碍的共病比一般人群预期的高3.7倍(Wu et al., 2022)。

目前BDD的病因病理机制尚不明确,临床治疗效果欠佳,本文拟从素质–压力模型框架下探索BDD的病因病理机制,为BDD病理心理机制提供理论支持。压力–素质模型认为,个体对环境压力的易感性(素质)和实际面临的压力性生活事件(压力)共同作用,可能导致精神障碍的发生。在压力–素质模型中,“素质”指的是个体发展精神障碍的倾向或脆弱性,这可能是由遗传因素、早年生活经历或其他生物心理易感性所造成的。“压力”则是指引发精神疾病发作或加剧的环境因素,包括重大的生活事件、创伤和日常压力源(Assary, Krebs, & Eley, 2023)。根据这一理论,当个体具有脆弱性或易感性并暴露于压力性生活事件时,就可能会出现BDD。

2. 躯体痛苦障碍的易感心理素质

2.1. 反刍思维

反刍思维(Rumination)是指个体在经历了压力源(如考试失利、感情受挫、工作不顺)后,不由自主地反复思考该事件的产生原因、经过和结果,表现出负性自我参照加工(Self-Reference Processing)、消极情绪性以及持续性的特点(Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008)。反刍(认知过度聚焦)可能无意中导致感知症状的放大,即对躯体症状的感知增强(Sansone & Sansone, 2012)。从反刍的神经认知模型角度来看,反刍可以被视为一种更普遍的坚持性认知形式,可能通过对负面信息的执着和过度的认知负荷,表现为个体对某些思想内容的持续关注,坚持性思维和转移的困难(Wong et al., 2023)。

2.2. 特质焦虑

特质焦虑(Trait Anxiety)被定义为在压力源下具有频繁的高强度焦虑和担忧的倾向(Wu et al., 2021)。特质焦虑属于人格特质的一种,具有稳定性和长期性的特点,具有这种特质的个体会常常把外部环境中的信息知觉作为具有威胁性的刺激,当应激刺激出现时,会陷入高焦虑的状态中而且具有个体差异性。即个体在面对应激刺激时经常会表现出较高焦虑、害怕、紧张的人格倾向性(Eysenck et al., 2007)。高焦虑(特质焦虑)个体他们对自身行为反应的消极想法较低焦虑个体更明显,而某一刺激多次地引发状态焦虑后,可能会在刺激与反应间形成连接,成为人格倾向,形成偏于稳定的特质焦虑(赵云龙,赵建新,2010)。

2.3. 特质正念

正念(Mindfulness)是指个体有意识地对当下经验不加评判地注意和觉知。正念既有特质形式又有状态形式,特质正念是指个体注意倾向差异,表现为对当下经验的非判断性能力,是一种较为稳定的性格特质(Li et al., 2022)。正念的基石是注意力的自我调节,通过将注意力集中在当下,个体观察他们的感觉、感受和思想,他们意识到当下的体验。从特质角度研究正念的结果显示特质正念与情绪调节、注意力等变量关系密切,研究表明正念水平与更大的情绪差异和情绪上的困难相关(Hill & Updegraff, 2012)。

2.4. 注意抑制

注意抑制是指在信息加工的同时,需要对无关信息进行抑制,或排除无关刺激的干扰(罗艳琳,李俊发,陈昭燃,2010)。Shipstead等认为注意控制反映了个体面临无关信息干扰时,有意识地激活、聚焦并维持对记忆表征注意的能力(Shipstead, Harrison, & Engle, 2015)。注意抑制保证个体最大限度地将注意资源锁定在目标任务上,保证对目标刺激的认知加工效率,否则将直接影响认知加工过程,从而损害个体的执行功能(Yovel & Mineka, 2005; Lim & Kim, 2005)。Stroop任务是注意抑制的经典神经心理学测试,该任务可以考察个体注意控制中的抑制功能。

3. 易感心理素质与BDD的关系

3.1. 反刍思维、特质焦虑与BDD

反刍思维是精神病理学中的跨诊断脆弱性因素(Hasegawa et al., 2021)。有学者对30名女性SSD患者研究发现,与健康对照组相比,SSD患者存在更高水平的反刍(Walentynowicz et al., 2017)。

目前BDD与特质焦虑关系的文献较少,但有研究表明,SSD患者虽然临床症状表现多样化,但都常伴有较高的焦虑、抑郁情绪,甚至与诊断为焦虑、抑郁障碍的患者无明显差异(Rief et al., 2011)。Scarella等(2016)发现SFD与焦虑症状和焦虑症的关系比与抑郁症状和抑郁症的关系更密切。有研究发现,高特质焦虑(即个体更容易体验焦虑的稳定特征)的人相比低特质焦虑的人,会表现出更高的主观疼痛强度评分(Hoag et al., 2022)。SSD患者常伴随情绪问题,尤其是与躯体疾病/症状严重性不相称的“灾难性”想法和思维,以及随之产生的持续高水平焦虑(姜忆南等,2020)。有研究表明,反刍和焦虑与躯体不适有关,还与躯体健康的感知损伤和真正的躯体痛苦有关(Denovan, Dagnall, & Lofthouse, 2019; Miers et al., 2007; Watkins, 2008)。Ventura等指出,焦虑和消极反刍在SFD中反复出现,这表明这些认知因素可能直接作用于该疾病(Ventura et al., 2021)。Schütze等人(2020)通过对慢性疼痛患者研究发现,坚持性思维(如担忧和反刍)介导了疼痛强度和灾难化之间的关系。此外,有学者研究表明,慢性疼痛患者倾向于放大痛苦的灾难化者可能会产生更高水平的负面情绪,试图避免、抑制或压抑由疼痛激发的思想和感受,即放大对疼痛强度的认识,加剧恐惧和焦虑,并维持生理唤醒,因此这类患者更容易感受到疼痛和痛苦的影响(Burns, 2006; Gilliam et al., 2010)。

3.2. 正念特质与BDD

正念既是一种人格特质,也是一种可以被培训的觉知状态和干预技术。目前我们没有搜索到正念特质与BDD的关系,但有研究发现正念认知疗法、正念减压疗法和接纳承诺疗法都可以作为身体不适的有益治疗方法,对躯体症状的严重程度以及感知的健康状况有所改善。基于正念和承诺接受的疗法可能为遭受身体痛苦的SSD、SFD患者提供有效的治疗替代方案,帮助减少过度的心理行为症状,如与症状有关的过度关注和担忧(Maas Genannt Bermpohl, Hülsmann, & Martin, 2023)。有学者通过探讨正念认知疗法对SSD患者心理状态、述情障碍及治疗依从性的影响发现,采用正念认知疗法干预可缓解不良心理状态,减轻述情障碍症状,提高治疗依从性(谢芳等,2023)。李媛媛等人(2023)对80例SFD患者研究发现,正念认知疗法联合度洛西汀对缓解SFD患者焦虑症状的疗效优于度洛西汀单药治疗。Zargar等(2021)发现正念减压干预后,干预组的身体症状数量、严重程度以及SSD的严重程度显着降低。越来越多的证据证明,基于正念的干预(Mindfulness-Based Intervention, MBI)在减轻SSD症状严重程度、心理困扰等方面有功效(Berezowski et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2019; Xu, Shi, & Li, 2024)。

3.3. 注意抑制与BDD

SFD被试在情绪Stroop任务中,显示对身体威胁词汇表现出阈上干扰,并有偏见(Lim & Kim, 2005)。有研究利用点探测任务比较SFD和健康对照的注意偏向,发现SFD患者对负性图片存在注意偏向,具体表现为注意脱离困难(王芸等,2019)。疼痛刺激因为其强突显性通过非意向性的注意机制引起知觉体验,迅速占有注意资源并打断正在进行的活动从而促进机体躲避威胁,慢性疼痛条件下累积的脑功能改变可导致注意功能受损;另一方面,个体对于疼痛信息的注意偏向增强和注意抑制不良又促进疼痛慢性化的形成(Eccleston & Crombez, 1999)。Huang WL等人通过对104名SSD施测情绪Stroop任务发现,在高干扰水平下(SSD患者的准确率低于健康患者)的显著差异仅在女性中发现。情绪Stroop范式有助于区分SSD患者和健康成年人,尤其是女性(Huang, Liao, & Gau, 2021)。SSD患者倾向于更有选择性地关注负面信息,这与管理干扰信息的能力差有关(Huang, Liao, & Gau, 2021; Lansbergen, Kenemans, & van Engeland, 2007; Rief & Broadbent, 2007)。在SFD患者中的研究发现,患者不仅倾向于记住非特定的负面信息,还倾向于记住与特定疾病相关的词汇。这种对疾病相关和情绪一致刺激的增强记忆,可能是患者将认知资源集中在与疾病有关的信息上,这可能会加剧症状并使SFD持续存在或慢性化(Pauli & Alpers, 2002; Witthöft, Gerlach, & Bailer, 2006)。

4. BDD与压力

4.1. 压力源与压力觉知

压力是一个多维的结构,包括暴露于压力源、主观的压力觉知及压力的生理反应,此外,压力可以被概念化为一种急性反应,也可以是整个生命过程中长期积累的状态(Dorsey et al., 2022)。George P. Chrousos认为压力源被定义为刺激挑战生物体的生理和心理平衡,即稳态。压力反应被定义为生物体恢复体内平衡的过程。当稳态受到威胁或者被认为受到威胁时,就会产生压力,为了重新建立这种平衡状态,个体会通过各种生理和行为上的适应性反应来应对压力(Chrousos, 2009)。压力觉知通常产生于个体对压力源产生感知反应之后,强调是一种失控感或紧张感的心理状态。它是个体对所处环境的主观感受,当我们自身能力和拥有的资源与环境不相匹配时就会处于一种被动的状态,那么个体就会产生一种压力的感知(李晶,张昱城,王丽君,2020)。从压力源的角度,一些研究者认为个体与环境的不匹配使得个体感知到压力的产生(French et al., 2000)。有学者通过对114名执法人员工作压力源与知觉压力的研究发现,压力源暴露与知觉压力之间存在正相关(Chen & Grupe, 2021)。可见压力源与压力知觉存在一定的联系。

4.2. 压力觉知与反刍思维、特质焦虑、特质正念、注意抑制

有研究证实,高压力觉知能正向预测个体的焦虑抑郁情绪(Liu et al., 2023)。在一项基于社区的纵向成人样本研究中发现,暴露于压力性生活事件预示着1年后反刍的增加,反刍加剧是压力性生活事件与成人抑郁和焦虑症状增加之间关联的重要中介因素(Michl et al., 2013)。有学者研究表明,在素质–压力理论模型下,负性注意偏向、反刍与压力之间的交互作用对焦虑有显著的预测趋势,反刍与压力相互作用,可预测心理困扰的变化,对特定压力源的反刍反应可能在痛苦的发展中发挥作用,反刍对痛苦的影响受到压力水平的调节,这种“压力反应性反刍”反映了在压力性生活事件之后,对负面推论进行反刍的倾向(Morrison & O’Connor, 2008)。

有研究者证实,在相同的压力源下,较高特质正念的个体有较低的压力感知(Weinstein, Brown, & Ryan, 2009)。正念领域的研究发现,正念与知觉压力存在负向关联,当面对压力事件时,高正念水平的个体多采用适应性评估,这有助于减少对压力事件的负面评价,从而降低个体的知觉压力水平(Creswell & Lindsay, 2014; Weinstein, Brown, & Ryan, 2009)。Shapiro等(2006)认为正念通过再感知的机制在降低知觉压力方面发挥关键作用,这有助于个体更好地与负面体验相脱离,进而减少压力感。

注意抑制能力较弱的个体更容易表现出冲动行为,他们难以抑制与当前任务无关的刺激,导致更容易被这些刺激所干扰(Bari & Robbins, 2013)。Hasegawa等(2021)发现在压力源的刺激下,冲动行为增加了对压力源的暴露,从而增加了反刍,冲动行为可能是反刍的决定因素。Hamilton等通过对压力、冲动性和自我控制之间的关系研究显示,高水平的多种生活压力源特别与强烈负面情绪唤起背景下的冲动行为控制有关(Hamilton, Sinha, & Potenza, 2014)。

4.3. BDD与压力源、压力觉知

压力大的工作条件和不良生活事件是SSD的重要诱发因素。如果持续存在,这些易感因素也会导致躯体不适症状的维持(Henningsen, 2018)。在一项横断面研究中发现,较高的压力觉知水平与功能性躯体疾病(Functional Somatic Disorders, FSD)相关,FSD的诊断概念与BDD有重叠。感知压力水平越高,患FSD的可能性越高(Petersen et al., 2023)。有研究发现,SFD患者症状评分较高,患者普遍存在负性生活事件等压力源,疼痛障碍可能是其特定的应对机制(马宁祥,禹海航,2008)。SFD患者遇到心理压力时不能及时有效发泄情绪,较多地应用躯体化、抱怨、幻想等不成熟的防御机制,并且不能充分领悟和利用社会支持系统,导致内心冲突加重并进入“情绪恶劣–疼痛加重–应对无效”的恶性循环状态,症状迁延难愈。持续的疼痛可能导致身体和心理上的紧张加剧,增加了个体对生活事件的应激反应,疼痛引起的不适可能导致更高水平的生理和心理压力感受。长期的压力和负性生活事件的积累,刺激交感神经的兴奋,可能导致肌肉紧张,这些生理的变化可能加重或改变疼痛的感知(张瑞星等,2013)。

5. 总结

综上所述,目前研究发现BDD与反刍思维、特质焦虑、特质正念、注意抑制等心理病理因素密切相关,压力源与压力觉知呈正相关,压力觉知与反刍思维、特质焦虑、特质正念、注意抑制也相关,BDD的病因病理机制仍不明确,尚缺乏一个理论框架将这些易感素质结合在一起考虑。其次,BDD作为一个新的疾病分类,相关的研究还相对较少,尤其是缺乏大样本、多中心的实证研究来验证其发病机制,这导致我们对BDD的理解仍然停留在理论假设和初步的临床观察上,缺乏深入的科学依据。因此,深入探讨BDD的心理病理机制是一个重要的研究方向。将来从素质–压力模型框架下探索BDD的病因病理机制,为探索BDD的心理干预靶点奠定理论基础,具有重要的临床意义。未来,我们还需要关注BDD与其他疾病的交叉学科,以期为患者带来更为全面和个性化的治疗方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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