非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗1例
One Case of Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1482354, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 潘 登, 张庚艳, 陈 燕, 赵连波:安徽省亳州市蒙城县第一人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,安徽 亳州
关键词: 非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy
摘要: 肺癌(lung cancer, LC)是一种高发病率和高死亡率的原发性癌症类型。其中分为小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),非小细胞肺癌又分为鳞癌和腺癌。肺癌的危险因素包括吸烟、家族史、辐射暴露和慢性肺病的存在。我们报告了一例非小细胞肺癌患者,其表现为咳嗽咳痰伴胸闷。该患者经胸腔闭式引流后,胸水脱落细胞学检出腺癌细胞,后经全身评估诊断为肺癌(左侧,周围型,腺癌)伴左侧恶性胸腔积液PS评分1分T1bNXM1a IVA期。后家属不同意化疗,胸水基因检测结果示检测出突变位点EGFR 19del。患者遵指南口服奥西替尼,后经复查患者胸部CT好转明显。本病例研究强调了靶向治疗对终末期非小细胞癌治疗的重要性。
Abstract: Lung cancer (LC) is a primary cancer type with high morbidity and mortality. It is divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and NSCLC is further divided into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking, family history, radiation exposure, and the presence of chronic lung disease. We report a patient with non-small cell lung cancer who presented with cough and phlegm with chest tightness. Adenocarcinoma cells were detected by cytology after pleural fluid shedding after closed thoracic drainage. After a comprehensive examination, the patient was diagnosed with lung cancer (left, peripheral type, adenocarcinoma) with a PS score of 1 and left malignant pleural effusion. The TNM staging was T1bNXM1a, stage IVA. After the family refused chemotherapy, the genetic test of pleural effusion showed a mutation site at EGFR 19del. The patient followed the guidelines and took osimertinib orally. After further examination, the patient’s chest CT showed significant improvement. This case study highlights the importance of targeted therapy in the treatment of end-stage non-small cell carcinoma.
文章引用:潘登, 张庚艳, 陈燕, 赵连波. 非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗1例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(8): 1304-1310. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1482354

1. 病例简介

患者,李某,女,81岁,汉族;主诉:咳嗽咳痰伴胸闷4天。

患者4天前受凉后出现咳嗽咳痰伴胸闷,咳嗽多为刺激性干咳,活动后及卧位时胸闷加重,伴有左侧胸部胀痛不适,3天前就诊于当地乡镇卫生院,行胸部CT检查提示左侧胸腔积液,左肺不张;今患者家属为进一步治疗急送我院,拟“胸腔积液性质待查”收住我科。病程中患者无咯血盗汗,无胸痛,精神差,胃纳睡眠欠佳,大小便正常,近日体重稍减轻,具体不详。

既往史:既往高血压病史20余年,平素口服硝苯地平控释片30 mg qd,血压控制尚可,否认冠心病、糖尿病、脑梗塞等病史。无结核、肝炎等传染病史,无食物、药物过敏史,无手术外伤史,预防接种史不详。

查体:神志清楚,精神差,呼吸稍促,步入病房,查体配合,皮肤未见出血点及淤斑淤点,口唇无明显紫绀,双瞳孔等大等圆,直径约3.0 mm,光反射敏感,球结膜无充血,颈软,颈静脉无怒张,右下肺呼吸音消失,未闻及明显干湿性啰音,心前区未见异常隆起,心浊音界不大,心率84次/分,律齐,未及病理性杂音,腹部平软,全腹无压痛及反跳痛,肝脾肋下未触及,双下肢无水肿,四肢肌力、肌张力正常,双侧巴氏征(−),布、克氏征阴性。

2. 入院后诊疗经过

因患者中午入院,暂完善部分检查,血气分析:PH 7.41 PaO2 83 mmHg PaCO2 38 mmHg,肺癌标志物:NSE 16.68 ng/ml ↑,CEA、CA125、CYFRA21-1正常,胸腔彩超定位:左侧胸腔内可探及深约136 mm的液性暗区,内可见肺叶漂浮。

2023.5.17经患者家属同意后在局麻下行左侧胸腔闭式引流术,嘱患者面向椅背而坐,双手置于椅背,彩超定位穿刺点,常规局部消毒3遍,带无菌手套,在定位穿刺部位处皮肤至胸膜逐层麻醉,再左手固定局部皮肤,右手持穿刺针在原位置垂直皮肤缓慢进针,约进针2 cm时有明显突空感,用注射器回抽见血色液体流出,沿穿刺针缓慢进导丝后拔出穿刺针,再用扩皮管扩开局部皮肤,然后沿导丝进入细导管12 cm,拔出导丝,用胶贴及缝线固定细导管,接引流袋,放出600 ml血性胸水,取部分送常规及脱落细胞检查。过程顺利,术后无心机胸痛头晕等不适,嘱卧床休息,如有不适及时告知医护人员。

后胸水呈暗红色,浑浊,蛋白定性阳性,胸水ADA 30 U/L,脱落细胞学查见腺癌细胞,随即进行全身评估,头颅MRI示脑实质内未见明显异常信号,脑沟裂增宽,中线结构居中,脑室系统无扩大。腹部增强CT示肝胆胰脾肾、肾上腺、腹腔及腹膜后未见异常病灶。目前诊断:肺癌(左侧,周围型,腺癌)伴左侧恶性胸腔积液PS评分1分T1bNXM1a ⅣA期。

考虑到患者处于肺腺癌晚期,同时患者家属经商议后暂不考虑化疗,根据NCCN非小细胞肺癌指南,建议患者完善基因检测,寻求靶向治疗。胸水基因检测结果示检测出突变位点EGFR 19del。

NCCN非小细胞肺癌指南(V2. 2023)推荐奥希替尼用于EGFR 19 del非小细胞肺癌的一线治疗,与患者家人沟通后,2023.05.30开始给予奥希替尼80 mg po qd治疗。

3. 疗效评价

2023.06.23患者门诊复查胸部CT

2023.07.10患者门诊复查胸部CT

2023.10.07患者门诊复查胸部CT

2024.01.25患者门诊复查胸部CT

4. 讨论

在我国,由于缺乏特征性的临床表现,大多数早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者错过了最佳治疗时机[1]。以人群为基础的全国性筛查项目对提高中国非小细胞肺癌的早期发现率和生存率具有重要意义[2]。非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是世界上最常见的癌症类型之一,其5年生存率约为20%。非小细胞肺癌高发病率和高死亡率一直是威胁人类健康的主要因素[3]-[5]。随着非小细胞肺癌致癌驱动因素的确定和靶向药物的临床应用,非小细胞肺癌患者的预后得到了很大改善[6]-[8]。肺癌是世界上最致命的恶性肿瘤。自从发现驱动基因以来,靶向治疗已被证明优于传统化疗,并彻底改变了非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗格局。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)在表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变和间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)融合患者中取得了显著成功,使治疗从铂类联合化疗转向靶向治疗[9]。虽然基因融合在NSCLC中发生率较低,但对于晚期难治性患者具有非常重要的意义[10]。免疫检查点阻断(ICB)改善了晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的预后[11]。在此基础上,有人假设在病程早期使用ICB可能是有利的,特别是在确定性手术切除之前的新辅助治疗中[12]。靶向治疗和免疫治疗的采用彻底改变了非小细胞肺癌的治疗格局。对于早期疾病,最近已证明靶向治疗和免疫治疗的结合可以减少复发。先进的基因组测序技术、对耐药机制的更好理解以及改进的药物设计推动了晚期肺癌靶向治疗的发展[13] [14]

在中国临床肿瘤学会的NSCLC指南中,局部晚期NSCLC放化疗后推荐维持免疫治疗[15]。辅助免疫疗法和新辅助化学免疫疗法将被批准用于可切除的非小细胞肺癌[16]

对于晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,靶向驱动基因检测尤为重要[17] [18]。对于已经处于晚期阶段的肺腺癌患者,寻找到明确的治疗靶点,可以采用全身靶向药物进行治疗来延长生存期[19]-[22]

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

参考文献

[1] Chen, P., Liu, Y., Wen, Y. and Zhou, C. (2022) Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer in China. Cancer Communications, 42, 937-970.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12359
[2] Ramalingam, S. and Belani, C.P. (2007) Recent Advances in Targeted Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 11, 245-257.
https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.11.2.245
[3] 唐聪聪, 陈艾琪, 杜小萌, 等. 基于CT影像组学在非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体突变中的预测价值[J]. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2023, 21(10): 67-70.
[4] Workman, S., Jabbour, S.K. and Deek, M.P. (2023) A Narrative Review of Genetic Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Update and Future Perspectives. AME Medical Journal, 8, Article 6.
https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-2022-01
[5] Diao, X., Guo, C. and Li, S. (2022) Lymphatic Metastasis in Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer: Recent Discoveries and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Cancer Communications, 42, 1403-1406.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12378
[6] Guo, H., Li, W., Qian, L. and Cui, J. (2021) Clinical Challenges in Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research, 33, 203-215.
https://doi.org/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.02.08
[7] McCoach, C.E., Blumenthal, G.M., Zhang, L., Myers, A., Tang, S., Sridhara, R., et al. (2017) Exploratory Analysis of the Association of Depth of Response and Survival in Patients with Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with a Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapy. Annals of Oncology, 28, 2707-2714.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx414
[8] Miyawaki, T., Naito, T., Yabe, M., et al. (2021) Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors Plus Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30, 1633-1641.
[9] Zang, X., Qian, C., Ruan, Y., Xie, J., Luo, T., Xu, B., et al. (2019) Higher Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase mRNA Expression Level Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients. Biomarkers in Medicine, 13, 1349-1361.
https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2019-0052
[10] Zhou, S., Zhang, Z., Zheng, P., Zhao, W. and Han, N. (2017) Microrna-1285-5p Influences the Proliferation and Metastasis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells via Downregulating CDH1 and Smad4. Tumor Biology, 39, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428317705513
[11] Furrukh, M., Burney, I.A., Kumar, S., Zahid, K.F. and Al-Moundhri, M. (2013) Improving Outcomes in Advanced Lung Cancer: Maintenance Therapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 13, 3-18.
https://doi.org/10.12816/0003190
[12] Li, S., Wang, A., Wu, Y., He, S., Shuai, W., Zhao, M., et al. (2023) Targeted Therapy for Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer: New Insights into Regulated Cell Death Combined with Immunotherapy. Immunological Reviews, 321, 300-334.
https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13274
[13] Liu, S., Liu, S.M., Zhong, W. and Wu, Y. (2022) Targeted Therapy in Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Current Treatment Options in Oncology, 23, 1169-1184.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-022-00994-w
[14] Devarakonda, S., Govindan, R. and Morgensztern, D. (2020) Mastering the Complex Targeted Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Cell, 38, 320-322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.07.011
[15] Sa, H., Song, P., Ma, K., Gao, Y., Zhang, L. and Wang, D. (2019) perioperative Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. OncoTargets and Therapy, 12, 8151-8159.
https://doi.org/10.2147/ott.s222412
[16] Rocco, D., Della Gravara, L., Avellino, A., Montesarchio, V. and Battiloro, C. (2018) Immunotherapy as a Targeted Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Translational Cancer Research, 8, S70-S75.
https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2018.10.10
[17] Tian, X., Gu, T., Lee, M. and Dong, Z. (2022) Challenge and Countermeasures for EGFR Targeted Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Reviews on Cancer, 1877, Article ID: 188645.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188645
[18] Li, K., Cao, X., Ai, B., Xiao, H., Huang, Q., Zhang, Z., et al. (2021) Salvage Surgery Following Downstaging of Advanced Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer by Targeted Therapy. Thoracic Cancer, 12, 2161-2169.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14044
[19] Imyanitov, E.N., Iyevleva, A.G. and Levchenko, E.V. (2021) Molecular Testing and Targeted Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Status and Perspectives. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 157, Article ID: 103194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103194
[20] Cheng, Y., Zhang, T. and Xu, Q. (2021) Therapeutic Advances in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer: Focus on Clinical Development of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy. MedComm, 2, 692-729.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.105
[21] Karlsen, E., Kahler, S., Tefay, J., Joseph, S.R. and Simpson, F. (2021) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Resistance Patterns to Targeted Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review. Cells, 10, Article 1206.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051206
[22] Cai, J., Wei, J.P. and Liu, A.W. (2019) Clinicopathological Analysis of Leptomeningeal Metastasis with Coma in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report. Journal of Clinical and Pathological Research, 39, 2579-2586.