蝶枕软骨融合阶段评估颌骨发育的相关进展
Research Progress on Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Maturation Stages in Maxillomandibular Growth
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1482360, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 王子豪*, 聂 晶#:新疆医科大学第一附属医院(附属口腔医院)口腔正畸科,新疆 乌鲁木齐;新疆维吾尔自治区口腔医学研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 蝶枕软骨联合颌骨发育骨龄Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Mandibular Growth Bone Age
摘要: 蝶枕软骨融合阶段是评估青少年颅颌面发育的重要手段,其通过CBCT进行骨龄的分期。目前常用的分期法有四阶段、五阶段和六阶段三种方法。多位学者证实SOS融合阶段与目前临床中常用的手腕骨龄和颈椎骨龄均有较强的相关性。颌骨与下颌骨的发育高峰期,若采用4阶段分期法一般出现在SOS2~SOS3,若采用6阶段分期法则出现在SOS3~SOS5,上颌骨周围骨缝的成熟度与SOS融合阶段有显著的正相关性。未来需要制定更为统一的标准及更多的临床研究完善该分期法。
Abstract: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis maturation stage is an important means to evaluate craniofacial development of adolescents, and its bone age is staged by CBCT. At present, there are three commonly used staging methods: four-stage, five-stage and six-stage. Most scholars have confirmed that SOS fusion stage is strongly correlated with wrist bone age and cervical bone age commonly used in clinical practice The peak of jaw and mandible development generally occurs in SOS2~SOS3 if the 4-stage staging method is adopted, and in SOS3~SOS5 if the 6-stage staging method is adopted, the maturity of the suture around the maxilla is significantly positively correlated with the SOS fusion stage. In the future, more unified standards and more clinical research are needed to improve this staging method.
文章引用:王子豪, 聂晶. 蝶枕软骨融合阶段评估颌骨发育的相关进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(8): 1349-1353. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1482360

1. 引言

正畸医生面临的最大挑战之一是决定何时是治疗患者的理想时机。在诊断和治疗计划时,最重要的是了解患者的生长状况和潜力,青春期生长突增受许多因素的影响,因此实际年龄并不总是可靠的指标[1]。在正畸临床中,学者们使用一些影像学指标来评估生长发育高峰期以确定最佳的治疗时机,包括手腕骨龄成熟度[2] [3]、颈椎骨龄成熟度[4]等。手腕骨龄成熟度虽然是判断生长发育的金标准,但其需要患者接受额外的X线辐射,其临床应用比较有限[5]。颈椎骨龄可以在X线头颅侧位片或CBCT上直观显示,但许多研究发现其可重复性较低[6]。SOS是蝶骨和枕骨之间的一个软骨生长中心,其位于颅底的后部,枕骨大孔前方,蝶枕骨下方,是颅面骨骼生长发育的重要区域,影响着下颌骨和上颌骨的发育,相较于其他颅底软骨,SOS骨化闭合时间较晚,其闭合开始与青春期的开始相关[7]。锥形束计算机断层扫描(CBCT)已广泛应用于口腔正畸学领域,其为临床医生提供了更准确的解剖细节,帮助进行更为全面的诊断,治疗计划和治疗结果评估[8],因此通过影像学检查判断SOS融合阶段来评估青少年生长发育具有可能。本文就使用SOS融合阶段评估青少年颌骨发育的相关研究进展进行综述,以期为正畸临床诊断和方案制定提供一定的参考。

2. SOS法简介

目前常用的SOS法有四阶段、五阶段和六阶段三种分期法。

四阶段分期具体分期[9]如下:SOS1期:颅内外边界之间的间隙没有闭合;SOS2期:颅内部分融合,但不超过软骨联合长度的一半;SOS3期:颅外部分融合,融合超过软骨联合长度的一半;SOS4期:整个软骨联合处完全融合,但可能存在融合痕迹。

五阶段分期法具体分期[10]如下:在第1阶段,颅内外边界之间的间隙没有闭合。在第2阶段,仅上边界融合,而其他位点未融合。在第3阶段,颅内融合达软骨联合的一半长度。在第4阶段,闭合基本完成,但该部位可见融合痕迹。在第5阶段,整个软骨联合完全融合且无融合痕迹。

六阶段分期法具体分期[11]如下:SOS1期:SOS间隙完全开放,关节间隙无钙化;SOS2期:蝶骨和枕骨之间的融合始于外侧缘,通常在颅内边界,一个或两个侧缘显示融合,在只有一个边缘出现融合的情况下,尚未融合的对侧表面可能存在骨化结节;SOS3期:在单个或多个矢状切片上观察到孤立的高密度骨化结节,SOS间隙的左右外侧边缘均有明显的融合,但正中矢状切片的骨桥不明显;SOS4期:高密度骨化结节占据了关节间隙,骨化结节和相邻边界(前后方向)之间的骨桥在至少一个正切片上很明显,通常在颅内表面,融合的软骨联合长度不到一半;SOS5期:大多数矢状切片(包括大部分颅内部分)融合了超过一半的同步软骨长度;SOS6期:枕骨和蝶骨间均匀的骨组织,可能有残存的骨垢线或融合痕迹。

3. SOS融合阶段与其他生物龄的相关性

骨骼成熟度是正畸学中生物年龄评估的常用方法[12],半个多世纪以来,手腕骨龄、颈椎骨龄一直被用作生物指标评估个体生长阶段,但是每种方法都有一些局限性。手腕X线片通常用于骨骼成熟度评估,其被认为是骨骼成熟的可靠指标,并且已发现与面部生长高峰期密切相关,但是其需要患者承受额外的X线辐射。颈椎成熟度(CVM)可以较为准确的评估下颌骨的发育速度,并且可以在头颅侧位片或CBCT中直观显示,是目前临床上最为常用的骨龄法,但因其可重复性受到广泛质疑,在Engel [13]等的研究中,观察者内部一致性仅55.2%,观察者间一致性仅42%,在Nestman [6]的研究中,观察者内部一致性仅62%。因此,临床上仍然需要一种可靠的骨骼成熟度生物指标。现有的研究中许多学者都认为SOS融合阶段可以代替手腕骨和颈椎骨用以评估个体发育。Alhazmi [14]等评估了164名10至18岁个体的手腕骨成熟度和SOS融合阶段,结果发现两者呈显著的正相关性(男性r = 0.74,女性r = 0.71)。Fernández [15]分析了315名受试者的颈椎骨龄和SOS融合阶段,结果发现两者具有显著正相关性(男性r = 0.89,女性r = 0.88);在一项针对土耳其人的研究[16]中,颈椎骨龄与SOS融合阶段的相关性在男性中表现为非常强(r = 0.851),在女性中表现为强(r = 0.618);在Rima [17]等的研究中也得到了相似的结论。

4. SOS法评估上颌骨发育及上颌骨周围骨缝成熟度

骨性III类错合畸形主要表现为上颌骨发育不足,影响患者美观、发音和咀嚼等功能。前方牵引联合上颌扩弓常用于治疗骨性III类合并上颌横向发育不足的青少年患者,其疗效主要取决于上颌骨周围骨缝的成熟度,包括腭中缝、颧颌缝[18] [19]等。有研究表明,对骨缝发育处于早期阶段的上颌骨施加前方牵引和扩弓,其牵引及扩弓量高于骨缝处于中、晚期阶段的上颌骨[20]。因此,评估SOS融合阶段与上颌骨发育及周围骨缝成熟度的相关性,有利于临床医师把握上颌前方牵引及扩弓治疗的时机。

Al-Gumaei [21]对500名6~25岁青少年进行了一项CBCT研究,其将500名青少年按SOS融合阶段分为4组,并测量了上颌骨的矢状向长度,宽度以及高度。结果显示,无论男性还是女性,上颌骨的长度及高度在SOS2~SOS3阶段的增长量最大,而上颌骨宽度的增长峰值则出现在SOS1~SOS2阶段。有关颅面部骨生长序列的文献[22]报道,上颌骨宽度最先发育完成,其次是上颌骨长度及高度,其研究结果与此理论一致。Geng [23]等纳入了320名6~18岁的受试者,按SOS阶段将其分为6组,结果显示在男性群体中,上颌骨矢状向长度在SOS4阶段之前表现为较快速增长,进入SOS5阶段后增长速率下降,而在女性群体中,上颌骨矢状向长度在SOS3阶段前增长更为活跃,在之后的阶段增长速率下降;上颌骨的垂直高度在男女性表现为相似的生长模式,即在SOS4阶段前生长处于高峰期,而SOS5阶段后进入减速阶段。此外,有学者[24]研究了SOS融合阶段与上颌骨周围骨缝成熟度的关系,结果发现:SOS阶段与腭中缝和颧颌缝成熟度呈显著正相关性,即随着SOS融合阶段的提升,腭中缝和颧颌缝成熟度也在增加,Ok [25]等进行了类似的研究也得到了一致的结论。

5. SOS法评估下颌骨发育

下颌骨位于面下1/3,是颌面部的重要组成部分,对面部美观有着直接的影响。下颌骨发育异常是造成错合畸形的主要病因之一,了解下颌骨在青少年不同发育阶段的生长趋势,有助于正畸医师判断患者生长发育潜力并确定最佳的治疗时机,以诱导下颌骨的正常发育达到咬合和谐、功能和美观的正畸目标[26]

Jabour [27]等使用头颅侧位片研究了下颌骨生长和SOS融合阶段的关系,发现下颌骨长度生长的最大阶段出现在SOS2期~SOS3期。Al-Gumaei [28]等在一项回顾性研究中,使用CBCT3D测量比较了不同SOS融合阶段的男女性青少年下颌骨三维向尺寸差异,结果发现:男性的下颌骨总长度、下颌骨高度、下颌体长度、下颌骨宽度、下颌支长度、生长的最大阶段发生在SOS2~SOS3,而女性的髁突间距离、下颌骨高度生长的最大阶段则出现在SOS3~SOS4;除此之外,其发现在使用年龄评估下颌骨生长时,女性的生长高峰期早于男性,而使用SOS融合阶段时则发现男女的生长高峰期均出现在SOS2~SOS3阶段。Geng [23]等认为,采用SOS4阶段分期法导致每组间样本年龄跨度过大,限制了其临床实用性,因此他采用了更为细致的SOS6阶段分期法,结果显示:男女性的下颌骨总长度、下颌体长度和下颌支高度表现出了类似的生长模式,即在SOS2~SOS6表现为增长–加速–减速的趋势,其中生长量最多的阶段出现在SOS3~SOS4和SOS4~SOS5阶段。

6. 展望

综上所述,SOS作为颅底的重要解剖标志,在生长发育过程中有着至关重要的作用。多位国外学者证实使用SOS分期法评估颌骨发育有较高的可信度,但该方法在临床与科研的推广度仍不足。在未来的研究中,应制定更加有效、清晰、准确的评估SOS融合阶段的统一标准,并进行大样本的纵向研究以进一步证实该方法的可靠性,从而为正畸医师提供一种更为可靠的骨龄分析法。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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