概称句反例难题的解题——认知语法视角

The Solution of Counterexample Problem of Generic Sentence—A Cognitive Grammar Approach

摘要: 概称句如鸟会飞(对象句)有逻辑乖讹，并由鸟会飞，但企鹅不会飞(参照句)明示，引发反例难题。传统解题坚持容错说，但本文认为容错受单一层级语法观念(SCH)调控，是以组合视角割绝句法分析的外部机制。本文转而采取认知语法(CG)的多重结构层级(MSH)观念，以整合视角分析概称句：着眼对象句的关联，考察成分结构的概念重叠；观照参照句的范畴化关系，以“基线/阐释”组织(Baseline/Elaboration organization)聚焦其主次时窗的阐释关系。研究发现：对象句中鸟无需深入实例而仅侧显虚拟类别即可与飞实现概念整合，容错不及启动；参照句中鸟和企鹅构成的类例转喻为基线/阐释链提供动力以实现概念整合，容错不能启动；两类句式均不支持容错，还同时反证了容错的黑箱本质。本文进一步指出概称句是实施共性比较以实现整体编码的语言平台，在“大同小异”(MSMD)的折中算法允准下，共性比较才能无视差异，将区别的个体一并抽象为连贯的整体，并最终促动概称句的生成。

Abstract: Generic sentences such as 鸟会飞 (the research target sentence) contains logical contradiction, which is made explicit by 鸟会飞，但企鹅不会飞 (the reference sentence), resulting in the so-called Counterexample Problem. The traditional problem-solving ideas put forward a series of fault-tolerance mechanisms. This paper holds that these mechanisms, which reveal a componential perspective and are essentially regulated by a single-constituency-hierarchy (SCH) grammar, are external mechanisms that cut off syntactic analysis. This paper turns to an integration perspective, and adopts the multifaceted-structure-hierarchy (MSH) of Cognitive Grammar (CG) and carry out analysis of those two types of sentences: for the research target sentence, the focus is on the correspondence of component structures that is responsible for their conceptual overlap; for the reference sentence, its categorization and elaboration process is spotted, and lights are shed on the correspondence between attention windows within a “baseline/elaboration” (B/E) organization. The study finds that: in the research target sentence, the conceptual integration of 鸟 and 飞 can be realized only by accessing a virtual type without activating actual instances, in which case fault-tolerance is redundant; in the reference sentence, the Type-Instance Metonymy contributed by 鸟 and 企鹅 provides motivation for the elaboration and realizes conceptual integration, in which case fault-tolerance is prohibited; the analysis indicates that fault-tolerance is also a black-box interpretation. This paper further points out that generic sentences are the language platforms to implement sameness comparisons and wholistic encodings; with the permission of the compromising algorithm of Maximizing Similarities and Minimizing Differences (MSMD), sameness comparisons bypass differences and abstract discrepant individuals into coherent wholes, and ultimately prompt generic sentences.