中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值与宫颈癌放疗过程中放射性肠炎的相关性
Correlation between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Radiation Enteritis during Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1492461, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 于凤源, 宋轶鹏*:青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院放疗科,山东 烟台
关键词: 宫颈癌放疗放射性肠炎中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值Cervical Cancer Radiotherapy Radiation Enteritis Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio
摘要: 本研究旨在分析中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)是否与宫颈癌患者的放射线肠道炎症(RE)有关联。我们选择的是从2020年10月至2021年7月期间接受了放射疗法的39名宫颈癌病人作为我们的研究群体,并根据其NLR的最优切割点将其划分为低NLR组和高NLR组。分别根据RTOG标准和GSRS量表对患者RE严重程度进行评估,将RTOG分级为1级定义为轻度RE,2级定义为中度RE,3级和4级的定义为严重RE。分析放疗前NLR水平与宫颈癌患者放疗过程中RE严重程度之间的联系。经过对ROC曲线的分析后,我们确定了放射治疗前的NLR的最优切割点数值是2.76。基于RTOG与GSRS评分系统的结果显示,高NLR的患者比那些较低NLR的患者更易发生严重的RE,并且他们的GSRS评分也明显更高(P < 0.05)。在logistics单因素回归分析中,临床分期、N分期、NLR水平与患者发生中重度RE显著相关,logistic多因素回归分析表明影响患者发生中重度RE的独立危险因素为NLR水平、N分期;NLR对宫颈癌放疗患者中重度RE的发生具有一定的预测价值(均P < 0.05)。NLR与RE严重程度具有一定的相关性,是中重度RE的一种潜在的预测因子。
Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore the connection between the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and radiation enteritis (RE) in patients undergoing radiation therapy for cervical cancer. 39 patients with cervical cancer who received radiotherapy between October 2020 and July 2021 were analyzed in this study. They were categorized into low and high NLR groups based on the optimal NLR cut-off value in the ROC curve. The assessment of patients’ RE severity was determined using the RTOG criteria (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) criteria and GSRS (Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scales) respectively, and grade 1 of RTOG was defined as mild RE, grade 2 as moderate RE, grade 3 and 4 as severe RE. In this study, we examined how the level of NLR prior to radiotherapy is linked to the intensity of radiation esophagitis in cervical cancer patients. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the ideal threshold for NLR before radiotherapy was determined to be 2.76. The RTOG criteria and GSRS scale revealed that the high NLR group had a greater proportion of patients with severe RE than their low NLR counterparts, as well as an increased GSRS score (all P < 0.05). Clinical stage, N stage, and NLR level were found to have significant associations with the development of moderate-severe RE in logistic univariate regression analysis. However, in logistic multivariate regression analysis, it was revealed that the independent risk factors for moderate-severe RE occurrence were NLR level and N stage. NLR was determined to have diagnostic value for predicting moderate-severe RE in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (P < 0.05). NLR is associated with the severity of RE during radiotherapy for cervical cancer patients, and it shows a certain predictive value for the occurrence of moderate-severe RE.
文章引用:于凤源, 宋轶鹏. 中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值与宫颈癌放疗过程中放射性肠炎的相关性[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(9): 299-307. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1492461

1. 引言

在我国女性恶性肿瘤中,宫颈癌的发病率居于第二位,成为发展中国家女性癌症致死的主要因素之一,同时也是女性恶性肿瘤中排名第四的疾病[1]。在中晚期(IIB期及以上)宫颈癌患者中,放射治疗被视为首选治疗方案。对于早期宫颈癌,根治性手术与根治性放射治疗的疗效相近[2] [3]。在宫颈癌治疗领域,放射治疗占据了核心地位。然而,放射治疗引发的放射性肠炎(radiation enteritis, RE)问题不容忽视[4]。该病症的主要表现包括排便时出血、腹部剧烈疼痛以及肛门周围疼痛等,若重度RE发生,可能导致肠道坏死和穿孔,这将对患者的生活质量造成严重影响,并可能危及其生命安全[5]-[7]。倘若能通过某种因素预测哪些患者可能会出现严重的反应性癫痫发作,这将对临床医生在诊断和治疗过程中产生关键影响。中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值作为全身炎症的指标,已被揭示为多种恶性肿瘤患者预后的显著预测因素[8]-[17]。同时,一些研究表明,较高的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)是接受放射治疗的下咽癌或喉癌患者出现严重口腔粘膜炎的潜在风险因素[18]。然而,关于自然杀伤细胞与宫颈癌患者在放射治疗过程中放射性等离子体(RE)之间的联系尚未得到明确阐释,因此有必要深入探讨。

2. 资料及方法

2.1. 一般资料

在青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院,针对2021年10月至2022年7月期间被诊断为宫颈癌并接受同步放化疗的患者,共计39例进行了筛选。入组条件有以下几个要求:第一,病人必须是年满十八岁和不超过八十五岁;第二,通过病理学的检查结果确认他们患有宫颈鳞状细胞癌或者宫颈腺样癌的情况;其次,规划开展放射治疗或与之同时进行药物治疗;第四,患者的临床资料齐全。而被排除的条件则包括五个方面:首先,严重程度超过一定范围的肝肾功能损伤;其次,曾经患有过免疫系统相关的疾病或者是其他类型的癌症病史;再次,在进行放射治疗过程中产生急性与慢性的感染症状;接着,曾进行过放化疗的病例;最终,具有消化道炎症或面临严重消化道感染风险的个体被排除在外。在评估NLR最优截断阈值时,发现其为2.76。具体而言,低NLR组(NLR < 2.76)的样本数量为26例,而高NLR组(NLR ≥ 2.76)的样本数量为13例。所有纳入研究的病例均已获得医院伦理审查委员会的授权,并签署了知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 治疗方法

根据中国实用妇科与产科杂志发表的宫颈癌诊断与治疗指南[19],患者在接受调强放疗的同时,还将配合化疗。每周进行5次放疗,共28次,每次剂量为1.8 Gy,总剂量为50.4 Gy。在放疗期间,采用顺铂与同步化疗的结合方式进行治疗。

2.2.2. 观察指标

在接受放射治疗前的一天或当天早晨,患者需在空腹状态下抽取静脉血,记录血常规检查中的中性粒细胞绝对值和淋巴细胞绝对值,并据此计算出中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)。

基于RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group)评分体系[20]以及GSRS (Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scales)量表[21],对放疗结束时的RE (炎症反应)进行评价。RTOG规范根据胃肠道放射性损伤程度将RE分为0~4级:RTOG规范:0级:不改变;1级:排便习惯的频率提高或性质改变不用药物治疗/直肠不适不需要止痛药;2级:腹泻需要副交感神经药物(如Lomotil)/粘液排出,不需要卫生巾/直肠或腹痛需要止痛剂;3级:腹泻需要肠外的辅助/严重的粘液或血液流出,需要卫生垫/腹胀(平片显示肠袢膨胀);4级:急性或亚急性梗阻、瘘管或穿孔;消化系统出血需要注射;在腹痛或大便后发生排便困难的情况下,可以采取插管减压或肠分流的方法进行治疗[20]。将2级及以上的放射性肠炎定义为中重度RE (Moderate-Severe RE),将1级放射性肠炎定义为轻度RE(Mild RE)。GSRS问卷是根据一周之前是否出现上腹痛、胸部不适、反酸、饥饿痛、恶心、肠鸣音、腹胀、咽喉部不适、是否有口气、小便是否有异味、便秘、腹泻、大便稀、大便干结、有便意需立即排便、里急后重16个症状的严重程度计算各症状的GSRS评分(1~7分),最后,我们得出了一个(16~112)分的GSRS总分[21]

2.3. 统计学方法

使用SPSS 26.0统计软件对数据进行处理。通过ROC分析,我们可以评估NLR对RE严重程度的预测价值,并确定最佳截断值。使用逻辑回归模型进行单变量和多变量的回归分析。当P值小于0.05时,被认为具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. ROC分析和NLR的预测作用

以放射治疗过程中中度至重度放射性肠炎(RE)的出现为终点,将放射治疗前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)设定为检测指标,进而绘制接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线。在ROC曲线中,NLR的选取阈值为2.76 (对应约登指数为0.65),曲线下面积达到0.869 (95%置信区间为0.745至0.994)。在宫颈癌患者接受放射治疗期间,中度至重度的炎症反应(RE)发生具有一定的诊断意义(P < 0.01)。见图1表1

Table 1. Predictive role of NLR for moderate-severe RE during radiotherapy for cervical cancer

1. NLR对宫颈癌患者放疗结束时严重RE的预测价值

指标

AUC

截断值

95% CI

敏感度

特异度

P值

NLR

0.869

2.76

0.745~994

0.733

0.917

<0.01

Figure 1. ROC curve

1. ROC曲线

3.2. NLR和RE严重程度

在放疗前,以NLR = 2.76为阈值,将39例患者划分为高NLR组(NLR ≥ 2.76,13例)和低NLR组(NLR < 2.76,26例)。按照RTOG规范,低NLR组中有84.62%的病人呈现轻度RE,15.38%的病人表现为中度或重度RE;高NLR组15.38%的病人发生轻度RE,84.62%的病人出现中重度RE;高NLR组中出现严重RE的发生率显著高于低NLR组(P < 0.001)。在进行放疗前,高、低NLR组的GSRS评分分别为34.54 (24.30, 44.78)和20.81 (15.70, 25.92),两组之间存在显著性差异(P < 0.001)。见表2

3.3. NLR与临床特征

对低NLR组与高NLR组的患者进行了临床特征的对比研究,结果显示在年龄、吸烟历史、高血压、肿瘤T分期以及细胞类型等方面未观察到显著差异(p > 0.05)。然而,在N分期和临床分期方面,两组间存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。见表3

Table 2. Comparison of RE severity between low NLR group and high NLR group

2. 低NLR组与高NLR组的RE严重程度比较

组别

n

RTOG标准

GSRS评分

Mild RE

moderate-severe RE

低NLR

26

22 (84.62%)

4 (15.38%)

20.81 (15.70, 25.92)

高NLR

13

2 (15.38%)

11 (84.62%)

34.54 (24.30,44.78)

P值

<0.001a

< 0.001b

注:a为Fisher精确检验,b为独立样本T检验。

Table 3. Comparison of clinical characteristics between low NLR group and high NLR group

3. 低NLR组与高NLR组的临床特征比较

项目

低NLR组

(n = 26)

高NLR组

(n = 13)

P值

年龄

<53

13 (50.00%)

7 (50%)

0.821

≥53

13 (50.00%)

6 (50%)

吸烟史

3 (9.1%)

1 (16.7%)

0.709

23 (90.9%)

12 (83.3%)

高血压

5 (84.8%)

2 (16.7%)

0.768

21 (15.2%)

11 (83.3%)

T分期

T1~2

18 (66.7%)

9 (66.7%)

1.000

T3

8 (33.3%)

4 (33.3%)

N分期

N0

19 (69.7%)

4 (66.7%)

0.002

N1~3

4 (30.3%)

9 (33.3%)

临床分期

I~II期

17 (66.7%)

2 (66.7%)

0.003

III~IV期

9 (33.3%)

11 (33.3%)

细胞类型

鳞癌

22 (90.9%)

12 (83.3%)

0.498

腺癌

4 (9.1%)

1 (16.7%)

3.4. 影响RE的相关条件分析

单变量Logistic回归分析揭示,放疗前的临床分期、N分期、NLR水平与放疗过程中中度至重度放射性肠炎(RE)的发生具有显著相关性(所有P值 < 0.05),而年龄、吸烟史、高血压、细胞类型、T分期与放疗过程中中度至重度RE的发生无显著相关性(所有P值 > 0.05)。经过logistic回归分析,结果表明,NLR指标和N分期水平是引发宫颈癌患者在放射治疗过程中出现中度至重度RE症状的主要风险因素。见表4表5

Table 4. Univariate analysis for moderate-severe RE in cervical cancer patients receiving radiotherapy

4. 宫颈癌放疗患者发生中重度RE的单因素分析

项目

P值

OR值

95%置信区间

年龄

0.652

1.016

0.948~1.088

吸烟史

有vs无

0.999

<0.001

——

高血压

有vs无

0.271

2.545

0.481~13.458

细胞类型

鳞癌vs腺癌

0.940

1.077

0.158~7.333

临床分期

III~IV期vs I~II期

0.035

4.583

1.117~18.803

T分期

T3 vs T1~2

0.076

0.215

0.040~1.174

N分期

N1~3 vs N0

0.001

30.250

4.779~191.472

NLR

0.001

12.137

2.661~55.345

Table 5. Multivariate analysis for moderate-severe RE in cervical cancer patients receiving radiotherapy

5. 宫颈癌放疗患者发生中重度RE的多因素分析

项目

P值

OR值

95%置信区间

临床分期

III~IV期vs I~II期

0.233

0.201

0.014~2.808

N分期

N1~3 vs N0

0.014

24.027

1.912~301.898

NLR

0.026

8.857

1.306~60.074

4. 讨论

全球女性癌症死亡的第二大原因是宫颈癌[22]。治疗宫颈癌的策略受多个要素影响,包括病变发展阶段、转移情况、肿瘤体积、患者年龄及全身健康状况。根据国家综合癌症网络最新更新的治疗方案[23],治疗手段涵盖了外科手术、放射治疗以及化学药物治疗。放射治疗作为一种新兴的治疗手段,凭借其出色的疗效,得到了广泛应用。然而,接受腹部或盆腔放射治疗的患者可能会引发与免疫细胞浸润相关的急性炎症反应,进而导致肠道损伤[24]。鉴于胃肠道具有迅速增殖的特性,其对放射治疗的敏感度相当高[25]-[27]。辐射诱发的急性肠道损伤可能引发不同程度的肠道炎症,表现为粘膜增厚、胶原质堆积,乃至纤维化。放射治疗在肿瘤治疗中的应用受到邻近器官副作用的限制[28] [29],因此预防放射性肠炎成为研究焦点[30] [31]。然而,针对放射性粘膜炎的预防性或治愈性治疗尚未形成完善体系。目前的治疗方案主要集中于缓解症状以及管理新出现的并发症[32],基于阿片类药物的疼痛控制计划通常应用于姑息治疗[18]。若能识别出一种对RE症的有效预测指标,将对该并发症的管控具有重大影响。NLR作为一种快速易获的指标受到越来越多的关注。一项涉及1089人的多因素横断面研究显示,NLR指标的提升与高血压及糖尿病的高患病率相关[33]。同时有研究表明,NLR与胃癌、肠癌、肾癌、非小细胞肺癌等多种癌症的不良预后相关[34]。并且在一项纳入269例慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者的研究中,调查者发现,与健康对照组相比,稳定期或急性加重期COPD患者的CRP、NLR明显升高[35]。然而,针对其与宫颈癌患者放疗过程中放射性肠炎(RE)的相关性仍需深入研究。

在本项研究中,我们通过ROC曲线选择了2.76作为放疗前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)的阈值。基于截断值,我们对治疗前的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(NLR)进行了分类,从而将其分为两个不同的组别。结果表明,相对于低NLR组,高NLR组的中度RE发生率和GSRS分数也更大;然而,这种差异并未受到年龄、吸烟史、高血压病史、细胞类型、肿瘤T阶段等因素的影响,只与临床分期和N阶段相关联。另外,在临床分期和T分期方面,高NLR组的表现明显优于低NLR组(P < 0.05)。此研究结果与NLR在头颈部、食管癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、大肠癌、膀胱癌以及卵巢癌患者死亡风险中的强烈预测作用一致[8]-[17]。通常,中性粒细胞被认为是多种肿瘤的促进因素[36]。研究发现,肿瘤患者中外周血中性粒细胞水平的上升与其整体生存期的缩短呈正相关[37]。另外,NLR值越高,意味着患者的预后情况越差[38]-[41]。通过对多个因素进行logistic回归分析,结果表明NLR和N分期均为中重度RE的独立危险因素。作为全身性炎症的标志,NLR还可以被视为放射性口腔炎的预测指标[42]。放射性口腔炎的演变依赖于典型的炎症介质:IL-6、IL-1B、TNF-α、NF-kB以及MMPs。[18]。中性粒细胞具有促进肿瘤坏死因子α、基质金属蛋白酶、白细胞介素1和白细胞介素6生成的能力。高比值的中性粒细胞可能导致炎症反应中TNF α、MMP、IL-1和IL 6的过度激活,进而加剧细胞凋亡和组织损伤[42]。此外,这也为我们的研究成果提供了进一步的阐释。

作为一种实用且可重复应用的标准,NLR能够辨识出具有较高风险的患者。ROC分析结果表明,在放疗前,NLR具备较高的预测准确性。针对接受放射治疗的宫颈癌患者,我们可以在治疗前对中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)进行评估,以预测患者发生严重放射性肠炎(RE)的风险。据此,可以采取适当的预防或治疗措施,如剂量分割、益生菌保护等,以促进治疗间隔期间正常组织的恢复[28]。在本研究中,采用了RTOG和GSRS两套评分体系对放射性肠炎进行了评估,以提高结果的可信度。

尽管如此,我们的研究仍存在一些不足之处。鉴于我们所依赖的实验数据规模相对较小,为了进一步验证和优化本项研究成果,有必要进行更广泛的临床实践。此外,尽管我们已经确定了NLR的一个理想分界值,但这仅仅是一个初步的探索。只有在大量临床实践数据验证之后,才能将其确立为正式标准,并应用于实际医疗领域。终极而言,放射性肠炎(RE)的形成受到众多因素的制约,尤其是治疗策略的差异以及辐射剂量的不同。在未来的研究中,有必要将各种影响因素纳入实验范畴,以降低杂乱因素对实验结果的干扰。

综上所述,放疗前的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(NLR)与宫颈癌患者在放疗过程中发生放射性肠炎(RE)的程度呈正相关,并对中度至重度RE的出现具有一定的预测能力,从而为临床预防和诊断RE提供参考。

作者贡献

宋轶鹏参与了研究设计工作;于凤源参与了论文的写作和修改工作。所有作者均阅读并同意发表该论文。

基金项目

山东省自然科学基金。项目编号:ZR2022MH129。

利益冲突声明

所有参与者均声明无任何利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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