1型糖尿病患儿自我管理研究进展
Progress of Research on Blood Glucose Self-Management in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1492503, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 孙嘉悦, 罗雁红*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院内分泌科,重庆;儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆;国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,重庆;儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地,重庆;儿童代谢与炎症性疾病重庆重点实验,重庆
关键词: 1型糖尿病儿童自我管理Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Children Self-Management
摘要: 1型糖尿病是儿童常见慢性疾病,发病率逐年增长,且呈低龄化趋势。良好的自我管理行为可以有效控制血糖,但目前1型糖尿病患儿血糖自我管理结局欠佳。本文将从糖尿病的疾病监测、用药管理、日常生活管理、情绪管理和影响糖尿病自我管理的个体因素、家庭因素、社会因素等方面对1型糖尿病患儿自我管理相关研究进展进行综述,以期为开展1型糖尿病患儿自我管理相关研究提供参考。
Abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease in children, with an increasing incidence year by year and a trend toward younger age. Good self-management behaviors can effectively control blood glucose, but the current outcome of blood glucose self-management in children with type 1 diabetes is poor. In this paper, we will review the research progress related to the self-management of children with type 1 diabetes from the aspects of disease monitoring, medication management, daily life management, emotion management, and individual, family and social factors affecting the self-management of diabetes, in order to provide a reference for the development of research related to self-management of children with type 1 diabetes.
文章引用:孙嘉悦, 罗雁红. 1型糖尿病患儿自我管理研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(9): 590-596. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1492503

1. 引言

1型糖尿病(Type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM)约占儿童期各型糖尿病总数的90%,是儿童最常见的慢性疾病之一[1],最新IDF数据显示,截至2021年全球共有T1DM患儿120万[2],全球发病率以每年2%~3%的速度增长([3], p. 2),美国18%新诊断的T1DM儿童年龄在九岁及以下[4],我国近年发病率为2/10万~5/10万,<5岁儿童发病率年平均增速5%~34%,提示发病率呈低龄化趋势[5]。患者自我管理是有效糖尿病护理的重要组成部分[6],研究([7], p. 15; [8], p. 8; [9], p. 612)显示,良好的自我管理行为是血糖控制的保护因素,T1DM患者自我管理水平越高,血糖控制越好。持续1型糖尿病自我管理行为是改善糖化血红蛋白(Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c)水平和实现并发症风险最小化的关键因素[10],1型糖尿病患儿需通过持续的血糖监测、饮食调整、胰岛素治疗等自我管理行为来实现良好的血糖控制并降低并发症的发生率。因此,本文将对1型糖尿病患儿自我管理相关研究进展进行综述,以期为开展1型糖尿病患儿自我管理相关研究提供参考。

2. 1型糖尿病患儿自我管理的现状

糖化血红蛋白是在临床中普遍使用的衡量改善血糖控制效果的指标,它可以反映近2~3个月血糖的平均水平,是目前公认的评估长期血糖水平的“金标准”。美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association, ADA)强调A1c目标的建立应个体化,并应随着时间的推移而重新评估,以解决每位患者的需求。ADA建议幼儿应尽可能保持A1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol),且无严重低血糖风险([11], p. S214; [12])。在美国,T1D Exchange的最新数据发现,6岁以下儿童的平均HbA1c为8.2% ([13], p. 70),在我国,62.28%的患儿HbA1c 平均值高于7.5%,总体血糖控制不理想([9], p. 611),在过去十年中,青少年的血糖控制已经恶化([13], p. 71)。多项研究表明,1型糖尿病患儿的血糖自我管理结局欠佳,而自我管理障碍与较低的HbA1c显著相关[14]

3. 1型糖尿病患儿自我管理的内容

Schilling等[15]将T1DM青少年自我管理定义为“青少年与父母通过广泛的疾病相关活动,为实现疾病控制、健康和福祉而共同承担责任和决策的积极、日常和灵活的过程”,其中包括注射胰岛素、监测血糖控制、调节饮食和运动相关的各种活动。ADA也提出1型糖尿病的成功管理需要每日平衡胰岛素给药、血糖监测、饮食管理和体力活动,从而实现使血糖水平尽可能接近正常的目的([11], p. S214)。

3.1. 疾病监测

及时发现并处理异常血糖是血糖监测自我管理中的重要环节,血糖监测对血糖控制和治疗决策至关重要,良好的血糖监测频率可以一定程度上反映自我管理水平。自我血糖监测(Self-monitoring of blood glucose, SMBG)是血糖管理的主要手段,但需要频繁地检测,通常每天采四次以上指尖血用于评估血糖水平。连续血糖监测(continuous glucose monitoring, CGM)是通过埋植于皮下组织的微电极,记录组织间液葡萄糖氧化反应产生的电信号,间接反映测量血糖的新型微创血糖监测技术,近年来在许多国家被广泛用作SMBG的替代方法。CGM比SMBG更适用于血糖管理,因为它可以提供实时、连续和预测的血糖数据。最新的数据[16]表明,在青少年和年轻人中,实时CGM的使用可以降低HbA1c水平,减少严重低血糖和糖尿病酮症酸中毒的发生[17],且CGM比SMBG能更有效地控制1型糖尿病患者的血糖([18], p. 1745),但CGM在改善极低龄儿童血糖结果方面的有效性尚未确定。CGM指标应根据患者的年龄、理解能力、治疗方案和需求进行个体化选择[19] [20]。考虑到设备性能、使用便利性、传感器磨损等情况[21]-[23],患儿父母应该定期接受关于当前糖尿病设备的最新教育。

3.2. 用药管理

1型糖尿病是一种免疫性疾病,是由胰腺β细胞的自身免疫性破坏引起的胰岛素缺乏。T1DM患者需终身接受外源性胰岛素治疗,形式为每日多次注射(即胰岛素笔)或连续皮下胰岛素输注(即胰岛素泵)。部分患者表示胰岛素注射治疗会影响生活质量([9], p. 612),而使用胰岛素泵可以缓解使用针头时的疼痛([7], p. 11)。多项研究表明,胰岛素泵使用者具有更低的HbA1c水平,及较低的糖尿病相关并发症的发生率[24]-[26],从而实现了更好的代谢控制,提高了生活质量。也有研究表明佩戴胰岛素泵的患儿在进餐前后注射胰岛素更能有效控制血糖[27]

3.3. 日常生活管理

日常生活管理包括运动、饮食、睡眠等多个方面。有氧运动和饮食控制是糖尿病治疗的两大基石。体力活动和运动对1型糖尿病儿童的代谢和心理健康有积极影响[28]。有氧运动可以改善胰岛素敏感性和血糖、血脂代谢,从而减少胰岛素用量,改善血糖控制[29] [30]。Boniol等[31]研究发现,运动降低了T1DM患者的空腹血糖和HbA1c水平,其有益效果与每周运动的持续时间有关,而与运动类型无关[32]。运动疗法除了对空腹血糖和HbA1c水平有益外,在心血管疾病、周围神经病变等糖尿病并发症的治疗中也能发挥积极作用。青少年1型糖尿病患者中,饮食依从性越高,其血糖控制效果越好[33]。Seckol等研究发现,在饭前给予儿童胰岛素并遵循一致的进餐时间,更有可能达到血糖目标[34]。糖尿病患儿应监测体重状况,保持健康的饮食、运动和健康的体重([11], p. S211)。目前对于T1DM患者睡眠的研究较为有限,T1DM疾病及治疗各方面可导致睡眠质量差,睡眠时间缩短及睡眠结构改变[35],或许有必要将睡眠教育纳入T1DM患者的护理计划[36]

3.4. 情绪管理

良好的情绪管理有助于疾病控制,提高患儿生活质量,具体可以表现为对疾病采取积极的态度、具有良好的家庭关系、具有较低的压力水平等。有研究表明儿童的关键性保护性因素(如主动性、自我控制和依恋父母)与更优化的父母功能(如较低的抑郁和应激症状)和更高的儿童生活质量相关[37]。积极应对与父母的合作、糖尿病日常活动、糖尿病沟通、糖尿病目标等问题的患儿,其糖尿病自我管理情况优于采取消极应对者([38], p. 1027)。早期发现抑郁、焦虑、饮食失调和学习障碍可以促进有效的治疗选择,并有助于最大限度地减少对糖尿病管理和疾病结果的不利影响[39]

4. 1型糖尿病患儿自我管理的因素

4.1. 个体因素

个体因素主要包括患儿年龄、疾病态度、知识水平、成熟度等。糖尿病患儿处于正常生长发育阶段,不可预测的行为、挑食、快速的生长发育等,使其难以确定精准的胰岛素用量,这导致年幼的患儿具有高度可变的葡萄糖波动([38], p. 1025)。部分研究认为疾病诊断越早,患者的依从性越高,即年龄越小依从性越高([18], p. 1748)。也有研究认为,随着患儿年龄的增长,自主思维的建立和独立性的发展,其依从性会随之降低([40], p. 5)。对疾病积极的态度更有助于患儿疾病的自我管理。T1DM的长期治疗、血糖的反复常给患儿带来消极的影响。罗佳欣([38], p. 1028)等发现,24.8%的患儿处于高压力水平,而高压力可能会影响患儿执行自我管理相关任务的动力和能力。与学龄期患儿相比,青春期患儿虽然年龄较长,但在面对压力时,却更多地采用消极的应对方式。聚焦于青年人的研究([8], p. 7)发现,他们对自己的未来和整体照顾T1DM的能力有相当大的担忧。这提示应引导患儿面对压力,尝试与人沟通,遇到问题不要回避,学会采用积极应对方式释放压力

4.2. 家庭因素

家庭因素主要包括父母的监督、与患儿的协作、经济水平和文化程度等。糖尿病管理对幼儿来说太难独立完成,父母的参与和监督仍然是整个童年的关键([3], p. 6)。儿童糖尿病自我管理涉及患儿及其父母或其他成人照顾者,家庭参与是儿童期和青少年期最佳糖尿病管理的重要组成部分([11], p. S213),有父母参与疾病管理的患儿具有更高的依从性和自我效能。青少年期父母的参与可以对青少年患者坚持治疗和充分自我管理的发展产生积极影响。相反,父母对青少年的压力和胁迫的心理控制会导致较差的依从性。在青少年时期,管理糖尿病的责任应该从父母逐渐转移到青少年自身,父母的责任随着青少年的年龄增长及自主思维和独立性的发展而减弱([40], p. 5)。糖尿病自我管理教育和支持需要随着患儿的成长定期评估,以满足患儿对独立自我护理技能的需要([11], p. S211)。

4.3. 社会因素

社会因素主要包括校园生活、健康教育等方面。对于儿童而言,学校生活是日常生活的重要组成部分,成功的学校糖尿病管理可以促进良好的整体糖尿病控制[41]。学校环境对于儿童T1DM的安全有效管理具有明确的相关性,教师、家长对学校T1DM管理的认知正在改善[42],但学校对T1DM的管理仍然存在障碍,包括学校工作人员教育不足,学校对糖尿病管理的结构性支持不足,以及父母对低血糖的恐惧等[43] [44]。ADA将糖尿病自我管理教育定义为促进糖尿病自我保健所必需的知识、技能和能力的持续过程,并纳入了以人为中心的方法和共享决策。糖尿病自我管理教育与降糖治疗、并发症管理、心理支持一样,是糖尿病优化护理的重要组成部分[45]。自我管理教育可以通过告知、培训和激励糖尿病患者自行管理自己的疾病和治疗需求,有效改善血糖和心理健康[46]

5. 小结

糖尿病管理的主要目标是获得和维持良好的代谢控制,另一个目标是实现高质量的生活([8] p. 8)。在糖尿病自我管理的教育中,应更多地强调血糖模式管理,来阐述患者有效监测和解释血糖数据以及由此产生的健康影响。研究证实使用胰岛素泵及连续血糖监测设备可以帮助患儿更好地管理血糖水平,提高其生活质量。患者对糖尿病相关压力维度的理解是临床上重要的因素,应定期讲解关于压力对糖尿病患者健康影响的教育信息并提供减少压力的建议。决心预防并发症的发生是糖尿病自我管理的主要推动力之一。因此,教育者可以着重提高患儿和家长的糖尿病自我管理技能和自我效能,提高对糖尿病负面影响的认识。激发患儿和家长从事糖尿病自我管理的决心,从而降低其发生并发症的风险。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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