急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并恶性肿瘤患者的临床特征和预后分析
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Combined with Malignant Tumors
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1492504, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 王立真:临沂市中心医院心血管内科,山东 临沂;张真真, 张 静, 任蒙蒙, 董 梅*:青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院心血管内科,山东 烟台
关键词: 急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死恶性肿瘤男性吸烟患者临床特征预后Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Malignant Tumor Male Smoking Patients Clinical Characteristics Prognosis
摘要: 目的:目前关于急性心肌梗死合并恶性肿瘤患者的相关临床资料相对匮乏。本研究主要探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)合并恶性肿瘤的患者的临床特征及预后,以期为这类患者的临床监测、治疗和预后提供临床依据。方法:本研究收集了2021年1月~2021年12月于青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院心内科住院的确诊为急性STEMI的男性吸烟患者。根据合并恶性肿瘤与否,分为合并肿瘤组和未合并肿瘤组。记录并分析研究人群的基线临床资料、冠脉造影结果、肿瘤类型和冠心病二级预防药物等治疗情况。对研究人群随访1年,记录研究终点的发生情况(终点事件包括:全因死亡、再发急性心肌梗死、住院治疗的不稳定型心绞痛、住院治疗的心功能不全)。结果:本研究共收集265例STEMI的男性吸烟患者,其中30例(11.3%)合并恶性肿瘤病史,最终纳入合并肿瘤组30例和未合并肿瘤组65例。在本研究人群中,最常见的恶性肿瘤分别是结直肠癌(20.0%)、肺癌(16.7%)、胃癌(13.3%)和肾癌(10.0%)。与未合并肿瘤组相比,合并肿瘤患者年龄更大(72.60 ± 8.23岁vs 64.06 ± 10.46岁,P < 0.001),B型脑钠肽[156.01 (73.15, 329.56) vs 55.52 (27.83, 241.25), P = 0.019]水平更高和血红蛋白(125.17 ± 19.50 vs 142.25 ± 24.34, P = 0.001)水平更低。此外,与未合并肿瘤患者相比,合并肿瘤患者在冠脉介入时机上更倾向于选择择期手术(60.0% vs 7.7%, P < 0.001)。随访1年,两组间全因死亡率、再发急性心肌梗死、需要住院的不稳定心绞痛和心功能不全发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论:STEMI合并恶性肿瘤的男性吸烟患者相对高龄,B型脑钠肽水平更高,血红蛋白水平更低,且在介入手术时机上倾向于选择择期手术,两组患者1年临床预后没有明显差异。
Abstract: Objective: Currently, there is relatively limited clinical data on patients with acute myocardial infarction and malignant tumors. This study mainly explores the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with malignant tumors in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), in order to provide clinical basis for clinical monitoring, treatment, and prognosis of such patients. Methods: This study collected male smoking patients diagnosed with acute STEMI who were hospitalized in the cardiology department of the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2021 to December 2021. According to whether malignant tumors are merged or not, they are divided into tumor group and no tumor group: Record and analyze baseline clinical data, coronary angiography results, tumor types, and treatment status of secondary preventive drugs for coronary heart disease in the study population; follow up the study population for 1 year and record the occurrence of study endpoints (endpoint events include all-cause mortality, recurrent acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina treated in hospital, and cardiac dysfunction treated in hospital). Results: A total of 265 male smokers with acute STEMI were included in this study, of which 30 (11.3%) were complicated with malignant tumors. Ultimately, 30 cases were included in the tumor group and 65 cases were included in the no tumor group. In this study population, the most common malignant tumors were colorectal cancer (20.0%), lung cancer (16.7%), gastric cancer (13.3%), and kidney cancer (10.0%). Compared with the no tumor group, patients with concomitant tumors were older (72.60 ± 8.23 years vs 64.06 ± 10.46 years, P < 0.001), had higher levels of B-type natriuretic peptide [156.01 (73.15, 329.56) vs 55.52 (27.83, 241.25), P = 0.019], and lower levels of hemoglobin (125.17 ± 19.50 vs 142.25 ± 24.34, P = 0.001). In addition, compared with patients without tumors, patients with tumors are more inclined to choose elective surgery at the timing of coronary intervention (60.0% vs 7.7%, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of all-cause mortality, recurrent acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, and heart failure between the 2 groups during a one-year follow-up. Conclusions: Male smokers with acute STEMI combined with malignant tumors have relatively advanced age, higher levels of B-type brain natriuretic peptide and lower levels of hemoglobin, and tend to choose elective surgery at the time of intervention. There is no significant difference in 1-year clinical prognosis between the 2 groups.
文章引用:王立真, 张真真, 张静, 任蒙蒙, 董梅. 急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并恶性肿瘤患者的临床特征和预后分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(9): 597-605. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1492504

1. 引言

随着恶性肿瘤(简称肿瘤)治疗领域的不断进步,肿瘤患者得以长期生存[1]。目前,肿瘤合并冠心病患者的数量庞大,很多有活动性恶性肿瘤的患者发生心血管疾病,这已被证明是肿瘤幸存者的主要死亡原因[2]-[4]。尽管心血管疾病和癌症被认为是两种不同的疾病过程,但在流行病学层面和分子水平,这两种疾病的病因和危险因素存在很大的重叠[3] [5]。氧化应激、炎症、凋亡等是肿瘤与动脉粥样硬化共有的机制,既往研究已证实肿瘤本身是心血管疾病的独立危险因素[6] [7],近来一项包括2700万余名患者的研究还发现,患有心血管疾病的人患肿瘤的风险增加[8]。吸烟作为冠心病的危险因素也是全球的、广泛的,特别是对于男性,但其也是肿瘤的危险因素[9]-[13]

研究发现在确诊肿瘤6个月内,急性冠脉综合征的发生率可达3%~17% [14];在诊断心肌梗死的患者中,肿瘤的发病风险是一般人群的1.14倍[15]。急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)合并肿瘤对治疗产生很大的挑战,例如恶性肿瘤、化疗药物和恶性肿瘤相关并发症(如血小板减少、出血倾向、血栓性疾病)的存在对抗凝药、抗血小板药物和血运重建治疗方面提出诸多挑战[16]。既往活动性恶性肿瘤患者已被排除在AMI相关研究之外,对于这部分特殊人群缺乏相关循证医学证据[17] [18]。AMI合并恶性肿瘤的患者的治疗和管理目前没有明确的证据支持适用,其具体有效适用的治疗和管理不仅需要考虑AMI的类型(ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死),同时还需关注患者的肿瘤类型、已行治疗方法、预计可能实施的治疗方案等[19]。此外,用于定义急性冠脉综合征患者缺血和出血风险评估的所有因素中,尽管肿瘤的影响远大于这些因素,但目前风险分层评估中都忽略了肿瘤[20]

该研究基于此背景下,以STEMI合并恶性肿瘤的男性、吸烟患者为研究对象,分析其临床特征及预后,以期为优化临床防治策略,改善肿瘤合并STEMI的男性、吸烟患者的预后提供诊治依据。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 对象及分组

本研究是回顾性研究。纳入2021年1月至2021年12月在青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院心内科住院的确诊为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)的男性吸烟患者。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准通过,病人及近亲属知情同意。

纳入标准:(1) 符合STEMI诊断标准(根据急性心肌梗死的第四版定义) [21];(2) 有吸烟史的男性患者;(3) 住院期间行冠脉造影手术;(4) 住院时间为2021年1月1日至2021年12月31日。

排除标准:(1) 严重肝肾功能不全;(2) 严重出血或凝血功能障碍;(3) 病历资料不完整及失访的患者;(4) 未做冠脉造影手术。

研究分组:根据合并恶性肿瘤与否,即分为合并肿瘤组和未合并肿瘤组。

2.2. 数据收集

从电子病例系统收集患者的基线临床资料,包括年龄、性别、合并心血管风险因素、既往史、肿瘤类型、冠脉造影情况等。冠状动脉多支病变定义为至少两支主要心外膜冠状动脉或其主要分支直径狭窄超过50%以上和(或)左主干病变[22]

2.3. 随访

对纳入人群通过门诊、再住院病历记录查询和电话进行为期1年的随访。终点事件定义为随访期间的全因死亡、再发急性心肌梗死、需住院治疗的不稳定型心绞痛(药物强化治疗、再次介入或外科手术干预)、需住院治疗的心功能不全。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件,计量资料包括年龄、血生化指标,其中正态分布的以均数 ± 标准差( X ¯ ±S )表示,非正态分布的以中位数和四分位数[M(P25, P75)]表示,计数资料包括性别、其治疗及终点事件的发生情况,用频数和比例(%)表示。正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用t检验,非正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用非参数检验,计数资料的组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。以P < 0.05为对比组之间差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般临床资料

Table 1. Tumor types [case (%)]

1. 肿瘤类型[例(%)]

肿瘤类型

30例

呼吸系统

肺癌

5 (16.7%)

消化系统

胃癌

4 (13.3%)

结直肠癌

6 (20.0%)

泌尿生殖系统

膀胱癌

2 (6.7%)

输尿管癌

1 (3.3%)

前列腺癌

2 (6.7%)

肾癌

3 (10.0%)

血液系统

白血病

1 (3.3%)

霍奇金淋巴瘤

1 (3.3%)

非霍奇金淋巴瘤

2 (6.7%)

其他

甲状腺癌

1 (3.3%)

喉癌

1 (3.3%)

鼻咽癌

1 (3.3%)

2021年1月至2021年12月期间,共收集265例在青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院心内科住院的确诊为急性STEMI的男性吸烟患者,其中30例(11.3%)合并恶性肿瘤,排除严重肝肾功能不全、严重出血或凝血功能障碍、临床基线资料不全、失访以及未做冠脉造影手术的患者,最终纳入本研究95例,分别是合并肿瘤组30例和未合并肿瘤组65例。在本研究人群中,最常见的恶性肿瘤分别是结直肠癌(20.0%)、肺癌(16.7%)、胃癌(13.3%)和肾癌(10.0%) (见表1)。在30例合并肿瘤患者中,确诊肿瘤时间 < 6个月的患者共有4例。

与未合并肿瘤相比,合并肿瘤患者年龄更大(72.60 ± 8.23岁vs 64.06 ± 10.46岁,P < 0.001),B型脑钠肽[156.01 (73.15, 329.56) vs 55.52 (27.83, 241.25), P = 0.019]水平更高和血红蛋白(125.17 ± 19.50 vs 142.25 ± 24.34, P = 0.001)水平更低,差异均有统计学意义(见表2)。

Table 2. General clinical and epidemiological data of patients [ X ¯ ±S or M(P25, P75), case (%)]

2. 患者一般临床和流行病学资料[ X ¯ ±S 或M(P25, P75),例(%)]

合并肿瘤组(n = 30)

未合并肿瘤组(n = 65)

P

年龄(岁)

72.60 ± 8.23

64.06 ± 10.46

<0.001

高血压

17 (56.7)

25 (38.5)

0.097

糖尿病

14 (46.7)

25 (38.5)

0.450

高脂血症

9 (30.0)

21 (32.3)

0.822

冠心病

11 (37.9)

17 (26.2)

0.249

既往PCI史

6 (20.0)

9 (13.8)

0.644

既往CABG史

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

>0.999

脑血管疾病史

4 (13.3)

3 (4.6)

0.276

外周血管疾病史

2 (6.7)

15 (23.1)

0.052

超敏肌钙蛋(pg/ml)

1012.04 (53.20, 3779.80)

334.30 (83.70, 5012.80)

0.680

B型钠尿肽(pg/ml)

156.01 (73.15, 329.56)

55.52 (27.83, 241.25)

0.019

肌酐(umol/L)

66.70 ± 19.27

71.38 ± 27.92

0.408

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.97 ± 0.96

3.33 ± 1.18

0.149

血红蛋白(g/L)

125.17 ± 19.50

142.25 ± 24.34

0.001

住院期间用药情况

阿司匹林

29 (96.7)

64 (98.5)

0.534

氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛

28 (93.3)

62 (95.4)

>0.999

他汀类药物

29 (96.7)

63 (96.9)

>0.999

住院期间并发症

恶性心律失常

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

>0.999

心源性休克

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

>0.999

死亡

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

-

注:PCI:经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;GABG:冠状动脉旁路移植术;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。

3.2. 冠脉造影相关资料

从冠脉造影相关资料看,与未合并肿瘤患者相比,合并肿瘤患者在介入时机上更倾向于选择择期手术(60.0% vs 7.7%, P < 0.001),差异有统计学意义。两组在冠脉病变严重程度上差异无统计学意义(P = 0.298) (见表3)。

Table 3. Data related to interventional therapy [case (%)]

3. 介入治疗相关资料[例(%)]

合并肿瘤组(n = 30)

未合并肿瘤组(n = 65)

P

血管病变情况

0.298

单支病变

18 (60.0)

46 (70.8)

多支病变(≥2支血管)或左主干病变

12 (40.0)

19 (29.2)

介入手术时机

<0.001

急诊PCI

12 (40.0)

60 (92.3)

择期PCI

18 (60.0)

5 (7.7)

注:PCI:经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。

3.3. 终点事件发生率

与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者1年内全因死亡率升高,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组患者在再发急性心肌梗死、需要住院的不稳定心绞痛和心功能不全发生率方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (见表4)。

Table 4. Incidence of endpoint events [case (%)]

4. 终点事件发生率[例(%)]

终点事件

合并肿瘤组(n = 30)

未合并肿瘤组(n = 65)

P

全因死亡

3 (10.0)

1 (1.5)

0.174

不稳定心绞痛

3 (10.0)

8 (12.3)

>0.999

再发急性心肌梗死

1 (3.3)

2 (3.1)

>0.999

心功能不全

4 (13.3)

7 (10.8)

0.986

4. 讨论

本研究为急性STEMI合并肿瘤患者的临床特点及预后提供重要临床研究价值,主要研究结果如下:(1) 在男性、吸烟的STEMI患者中,与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者年龄更大,B型脑钠肽水平更高,血红蛋白水平更低;(2) 与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者手术时机上更倾向于选择择期手术;(3) 与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者1年全因死亡率升高,但是没有达到统计学差异。

美国2004~2014年10年期间650万名急性心肌梗死患者的恶性肿瘤患病率为9%,其中当前确诊恶性肿瘤和既往恶性肿瘤病史者依次为2.8%、6.8%,最常见的恶性肿瘤类型包括以下四种:前列腺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌[23],本研究最常见的恶性肿瘤是结直肠癌(20.0%)、肺癌(16.7%),与既往研究相符。值得注意的是,本研究显示与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者B型脑钠肽水平更高,血红蛋白水平更低。这可能是因为放、化疗使得恶性肿瘤患者的身体更为虚弱,化疗药物心脏毒性、骨髓抑制化疗或血液系统恶性肿瘤继发的血红蛋白减少等引起。本研究还发现合并肿瘤组患者年龄较大,这与之前的研究结果一致[24]-[26]。这可能是因为这两种疾病在致病机理上有一定的重叠。年龄是冠心病和肿瘤的独立危险因素,两种疾病的发病率随年龄的增长而升高,老龄导致的机体免疫力下降,肝肾功能减退等因素使得患者的合并症更多,治疗情况相对复杂。虽然侵入性治疗可以显著降低AMI患者住院期间死亡率[26]-[28]。但是在调整其他基线差异后,合并肿瘤的患者接受侵入性治疗的可能性至少降低了36% [29]。同样行PCI治疗,合并肿瘤的患者靶血管血运重建率低,住院死亡、远期全因死亡、非致死性心梗、靶血管血运重建及冠脉搭桥的复合事件发生显著高于未合并肿瘤的对照人群[30] [31]。另外,肿瘤患者在经皮冠状动脉介入术(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, PCI)后90天内再次出现AMI或大出血的风险分别是非肿瘤患者的2倍和3倍[32]。因此,临床医生通常对于肿瘤患者进行侵入性治疗持谨慎态度。本研究显示,与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者在手术时机上更倾向于选择择期手术,也证实了这一点。值得注意的是,不同类型肿瘤以及是否存在转移对侵入性治疗的预后具有重要影响。在没有转移的情况下,肺癌和结肠癌与住院死亡率的风险较高相关,而前列腺癌和乳腺癌则不相关。在存在转移的情况下,与未合并肿瘤相比,所有常见的肿瘤(乳腺癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌)的死亡率、出血和中风的风险都更高[29]。目前指南推荐使用药物球囊来缩短抗血小板聚集治疗的应用时间,如果需要使用支架,尽量选用能够快速再内皮化率的支架。

Velders等的多中心研究显示,与未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤的STEMI患者PCI术后1年全因死亡率17.4% vs 6.5%,P < 0.01)及心源性死亡率10.7% vs 5.4%,P < 0.01)均显著升高,而新近诊断的肿瘤(≤6个月)则是患者7天内发生心源性死亡的强有力预测因素[33]。值得注意的是,本研究结果发现,未合并肿瘤的患者相比,合并肿瘤患者1年全因死亡率升高,但是没有达到统计学差异,这可能与本研究样本量较少有关。无论肿瘤类型如何,肿瘤患者的住院死亡率和主要心脑血管不良事件风险均高于非肿瘤患者[29]。炎症在肿瘤和动脉粥样硬化病变进展中发挥着至关重要的作用,局部恶性肿瘤可能通过释放炎症细胞因子来增加血管壁炎症反应,循环系统中炎症因子水平增加可能加剧冠状动脉粥样硬化进展[25]。另外,肿瘤相关药物治疗亦可通过不同作用机制诱发冠心病,使肿瘤患者发生冠心病的风险增加[34]。许多抗肿瘤药物已知与急性早期和晚期心血管不良事件密切相关。恶性肿瘤的放疗被认为是肿瘤患者的心血管疾病危险因素,亦可通过动脉粥样硬化性疾病并发斑块破裂和血栓形成、潜在的冠状动脉痉挛等使该类患者的急性冠脉综合征发病率升高[35] [36]。因此,肿瘤患者往往表现出相对较高的心血管疾病风险。

5. 结论

综上,对于行恶性肿瘤治疗的高危患者,我们应定期监测,以及早发现、早预防和干预。而对于已经合并冠心病的恶性肿瘤患者,因为他们偏老龄化,合并症多,病情相对复杂,我们可以参考相关专家共识,在整体评估风险–收益比后,再进行临床决策[37]

本研究有几个局限性。首先,本研究是一项回顾性研究,选择偏差是不可避免的。其次,本研究样本量较小,没有进一步分析不同类型、不同阶段肿瘤和肿瘤相应治疗对临床特征和预后的影响,因此,对于本研究结果应谨慎解释。最后,由于本研究随访时间较短,远期临床预后尚需长期随访资料进一步分析。将来,我们可以设置前瞻性研究,进一步增加样本量,细化合并肿瘤的资料,严格控制失访,延长随访时间,进一步证实研究结果。

基金项目

烟台市科技计划项目(2023YD036)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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