论网络言论的公益诉讼规制

On the Public Interest Litigation Regulation of Internet Speech

摘要: 随着互联网技术的进步，网络言论作为一种新型的表达形式应运而生，它比传统言论展现出更加丰富的表现手段。然而，网络环境的特殊性使得言论自由相较于传统媒介更容易被过度使用。我国立法和司法解释的不断修改，逐步拓展了我国公益诉讼的适用领域，但对于能否经由公益诉讼规制网络言论尚缺乏规范确认与市场尝试。以司法案例及研究文献为素材，以法律解释为方法的研究结果表明：网络不当言论侵害的对象一般具有人数众多且不特定特征，这使得附着于不特定对象之上的人格权益体现出较强的公共利益属性，该行为也因此具备纳入公益诉讼规制的实体条件。在公益诉讼程序的启动上，因网络不当言论与互联网中侵害个人信息行为具有相似性，故可赋予社会组织和检察机关公益诉权，但在诉权行使顺位上，应以社会组织为先。在请求权配置上，应以网络言论规制、公众权益保护和网络空间安全为目的，综合配置预防性、补偿性和惩罚性请求权，以彰显公益诉讼规制效果。

Abstract: With the development of Internet technology, Internet speech as a new form of expression emerged; it shows a more rich means of expression than traditional speech. However, the particularity of the network environment makes the freedom of speech easier to overuse than the traditional media. The continuous revision of our legislation and judicial interpretation has gradually expanded the application fields of our country’s public interest litigation, but there is still a lack of standard confirmation and market attempts to regulate Internet speech through public interest litigation. Based on the judicial cases and research documents, the research results of the legal interpretation method show that the targets of inappropriate Internet speech usually have a large number of people and no specific characteristics; this makes the personality rights attached to the unspecified object reflect a strong attribute of public interest, and the behavior thus has the substantive conditions for inclusion in the regulation of public interest litigation. As for the initiation of public interest litigation procedure, due to the similarity between the improper speech on the internet and the infringement of personal information on the Internet, social organizations and procuratorial organs can be granted the right of public interest litigation, but in the order of exercising the right of litigation, social organizations should come first. In order to show the effect of the regulation of public interest litigation, we should collate the preventive, compensatory, and punitive claims in order to regulate the Internet speech, protect the public rights and interests, and ensure the safety of cyberspace.