社会–认知语用视角下误解的产生和消解研究综述

A Review of the Emergence and Resolutions of Misunderstanding from the Socio-Cognitive Approach Perspective

摘要: 本研究探讨了语境假设不匹配导致的误解现象，并借助社会–认知语用理论(SCA)分析误解的产生与消解。首先，研究背景指出，误解在言语交际中普遍存在，并总结了误解的类型和定义。接着，SCA理论强调交际中的“说者–听者”双中心和“合作–自我中心”的互补关系，解析了前语境与实际情景语境、核心共知与涌现共知、意向与注意力、凸显义等关键概念。研究梳理误解和SCA理论后，通过文献搜集和综述，发现国内外关于误解产生的研究多集中于社会文化、语境、话语和心理认知根源。误解的消解过程被视为修正语境假设、建立共知的互动过程。研究现状表明，现有研究多基于听者，忽视了“说话人–听话人”的完整互动交际过程，过分强调合作性，忽略自我中心性。最后，研究提出今后的误解研究可从SCA视角，结合语境、凸显、意向和注意力等核心概念，探索含意误解的产生和消解机制，建立相关理论框架，并通过语料库验证理论的适用性，以完善误解机制的研究。

Abstract: This study explores the phenomenon of misunderstandings arising from mismatches in contextual assumptions, utilizing the Socio-Cognitive Approach (SCA) to analyze the emergence and resolution of these misunderstandings. First, the background of the research highlights the prevalence of misunderstandings in verbal communication and summarizes the various types and definitions of misunderstandings. Next, the Socio-Cognitive Approach (SCA) theory emphasizes the dual focus of “speaker-listener” and the complementary relationship between “cooperation” and “egocentrism” in communication. It analyzes key concepts such as prior context, actual situational context, core and emergent common ground, intention, attention, and salience. The study reviews the existing literature on misunderstandings and the SCA theory, finding that research on the origins of misunderstandings, both domestically and internationally, tends to focus on social culture, context, discourse, and psychological cognitive roots. The process of resolving misunderstandings is viewed as an interactive process of correcting contextual assumptions and establishing common knowledge. The current state of research indicates a tendency to focus primarily on the listener, neglecting the complete interactive communication process between “speaker and listener”, and overly emphasizing cooperation while overlooking egocentrism. Finally, it suggests that future research should adopt the SCA perspective, integrating context, salience, intention, and attention to explore misunderstanding mechanisms. It proposes creating a theoretical framework validated through a corpus of dialogues containing misunderstandings to understand better and improve theoretical frameworks for misunderstanding generation and resolution.