鱼骨致小肠穿孔保守治疗1例及文献复习
Conservative Treatment of Small Intestinal Perforation Caused by Fishbone: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1492569, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 杜龙平, 李建军, 肖玉坤*:大理大学第一附属医院泌尿男科,云南 大理;徐国超:贵州医科大学临床医学院,贵州 贵阳
关键词: 鱼骨小肠穿孔诊断治疗Fishbone Small Intestine Perforation Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 目的:报告1例小肠鱼骨穿孔并总结其临床表现、疾病特点、诊断及其治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1例小肠鱼骨穿孔的临床资料及诊治流程并结合相关文献复习。结果:患者入院后通过保守治疗,并且顺利出院。结论:完善相关检查后予患者行保守治疗,出院后随访1月余,患者出院后复查未见明显异常,病情恢复良好,无特殊不适。
Abstract: Objective: To report a case of small intestine fishbone perforation and summarize its clinical manifestations, disease characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data and diagnosis and treatment process of a case of small intestine fishbone perforation, combined with relevant literature review. Result: The patient received conservative treatment upon admission and was discharged smoothly. Conclusion: Performing conservative treatment on patients after completing relevant examinations, after more than one month of follow-up after discharge, the patient did not show any significant abnormalities in the follow-up examination after discharge, and the condition recovered well without any special discomfort.
文章引用:杜龙平, 李建军, 徐国超, 肖玉坤. 鱼骨致小肠穿孔保守治疗1例及文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(9): 1080-1085. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1492569

1. 引言

消化道摄入异物的情况并不罕见,主要由鱼骨、假牙、针、硬币和牙签等组成[1]。虽然摄入异物相对常见,但摄入物引起的并发症和肠穿孔的发生率极低[2]。2024年6月18日我院收治了1例鱼骨致小肠穿孔的患者,保守治疗后病情好转,复查相关辅助检查未见异常。

2. 资料与辅助检查

2.1. 临床资料

患者,男性,38岁,体重82 kg,因“中下腹部刺痛伴呕吐、肛门停止排便排气2天余”为诉入院普外一科。患者于2天前无明显诱因出现腹痛,为持续性刺痛,以中下腹部为甚,疼痛较剧烈,无牵扯痛及转移痛,伴恶心、呕吐,呕吐4~5次,呕吐物为胃内容物,无咖啡样物,非喷射样。伴肛门停止排气、排便,无便血,无发热、寒战,无胸闷、气促、呼吸困难,无心悸、头晕等特殊不适。病后立即至当地县人民医院就诊,行全腹CT检查示:肠腔内见条状高密度影,部分似在肠壁外,穿通?诊断为:肠穿孔?。为求进一步诊治遂至我院就诊,行全腹CT检查示:肠腔内条状高密度影贯穿,伴周围少许渗出,请结合临床。诊断为:1) 腹痛(查因);2) 非创伤性肠穿孔?3) 急性腹膜炎。以“肠穿孔?”收住我科。病程中患者未进饮食,精神差,睡眠差,大便未解,小便基本正常,体重变化不详。专科查体:腹部:视诊:腹部饱满,未见明显胃肠型及蠕动波,脐正常,腹式呼吸减弱。触诊:腹部柔软,全腹轻压痛,以中下腹部为甚,无反跳痛,无液波震荡,无震水声,腹部未触及肿块,无肌紧张。肝脏肋下未触及。胆囊肋下未触及,无压痛,Murphy征阴性。脾脏未触及。肾未触及。叩诊:肝浊音界存在,肝上界位于右锁骨中线第7肋间,移动性浊音阴性,双肾区无叩痛。听诊:肠鸣音减弱,0~1次/分,无气过水声,未闻及腹部血管杂音。

2.2. 辅助检查

入院后予患者完善肝肾功能、电解质、血常规、凝血七项、术前九项、二便常规、胸片、心电图等检查。其结果示:[急诊血细胞分析 + 超敏C反应蛋白]白细胞20.33 × 109/L;中性粒细胞百分比89.5%;中性粒细胞绝对值18.19 × 109/L;其余结果未见明显异常。我院腹部CT (见图1)示:肠腔内条状高密度影贯穿,伴周围少许渗出,请结合临床。

2.3. 治疗方式

予禁饮禁食、解痉、抗感染、护胃、营养支持后,再次复查肝肾功能、电解质、血常规,其结果示:[血细胞分析(24项)]白细胞6.2 × 109/L,中性粒细胞百分比50.9%,中性粒细胞绝对值3.16 × 109/L,复查全腹CT检查示:上中下腹部CT平扫未见明显异常。

Figure 1. CT examination

1. CT检查

3. 讨论

在胃肠道摄入异物并不常见,尤其是在成年人中,成年人摄入的大多数异物会自行排出[3]。鱼骨是最常见的胃肠道异物,穿孔不到1% [4]。因为当意外摄入鱼骨后,这些鱼骨中的大多数在一周内通过胃肠道,不会引起任何严重的并发症[5]。肠道具有很强的自我保护能力,因为它的壁在接触点扩大了肠道的管腔,允许更自由地通过冒犯的物体[3]。此外,当吞咽尖锐而长的东西时,肠壁会放松,导致头部指向,尖锐的一端向后移动[6]。然而,超过90%的吞食异物在到达胃部时会通过肠道[7]。当异物撞击并逐渐侵蚀肠壁时,就会发生穿孔,此时穿孔率将显著升高。然后,穿孔部位被纤维蛋白、网膜或最靠近它的肠管覆盖[8]。尽管摄入的鱼骨导致胃肠道穿孔的情况并不常见,穿孔的比例很低,但鱼骨是最常见的摄入物体,也是胃肠道穿孔的最常见原因[9]。戴假牙是摄入鱼骨的一个很好的风险因素,因为它消除了腭表面的触觉。这种腭部感觉反馈提供了一种保护机制,用于识别食物团中的小、锋利和质地坚硬的物品[10]。文献中还发现了其他风险因素,如监禁和精神病患者、特定职业的从业人员(如木匠和裁缝)、酗酒和吸毒者,以及吃得快的人和极度年轻和年老的人[11] [12]。鱼骨穿孔可发生在胃肠道的所有节段,尽管它往往出现在回盲部和直肠乙状结肠交界处等急性成角的区域[13]。根据穿孔的位置和炎症程度,临床表现可能从轻度到重度不等。最常见的临床表现是腹痛、发热、肠梗阻、腹膜刺激和败血症[9] [14]。胃肠道穿孔通常会模拟多种炎症状况,包括急性阑尾炎、穿孔性憩室炎、结肠炎或不太常见的结肠炎,以及尿路结石,具体取决于穿孔部位[9] [15] [16]。然而,一些患者出现慢性炎症,导致肿块形成病变,可导致胃肠道或尿路出现压迫症状[17]。摄入的鱼骨除了消化道穿孔外,还可以迁移到身体的许多部位,如甲状腺、颈部软组织、上纵隔、主动脉、左心房、颈总动脉、颈内静脉、胰腺、胆管和肝脏[4]。由于临床表现多种多样,诊断变得较为困难。然而,早期识别对于良好的预后至关重要,因为延迟的表现和延迟的诊断预后较差[18]。一般认为,普通腹部X线片在诊断鱼骨摄入方面无效[11]。使用X射线等基本成像技术诊断胃肠道受影响的鱼骨穿孔具有较高的假阴性率。由于穿孔被密封,检测到的逸出气体量很小,因此“隔膜下没有气体”。在不同的研究中,普通X射线的灵敏度在20%到32%之间[6] [8] [12]。普通X射线可以检测到不透射线的鱼骨,但是,较小的、透射线的鱼骨可能会被遗漏[19]。超声波(US)也可用于检测鱼骨的存在及其相关并发症。US在检测高反射异物方面具有很高的灵敏度,无论其方向如何,包括无线电透明的异物。US的使用可以根据异物的高反射率和可变的后部阴影来识别异物,甚至是非射线不透明的物体,如鱼骨[20]-[22]。US有几个优点,包括高灵活性、可重复性、低成本、无辐射,以及将实时成像与触诊相结合,使临床医生能够将注意力集中在腹部的症状区域[23]。然而,由于患者的身体习惯、手术医生的表现和穿孔部位等因素,它并不总是依赖的[2]。近年来,计算机断层扫描(CT)的广泛使用导致其在急诊服务中的使用增加,并限制了US在评估急腹症病例中的使用。CT因其高质量的多平面功能和高分辨率而被认为是识别摄入异物及其并发症的首选方法[15]。Coulier等人证明,CT在识别钙化异物方面的敏感性为100% (7/7名患者) [11]。同时,另一项研究表明,检测腹腔内鱼骨的灵敏度为71.4% (5/7名患者),在回顾性综述中提高到100% [9]。尽管这些研究中的样本很小,但他们的数据加强了放射学中解释异物穿孔临床怀疑的相关性,因为鱼骨可以被忽视或被视为正常的解剖结构,如血管。此外,鱼骨可能会被口腔正对比剂遮挡[5]。在这种情况下,最好的选择是避免给药,或者在没有阳性口服造影剂的情况下进行延迟或重复扫描。CT扫描中鱼骨穿孔的主要影像学特征是局灶性胃壁或肠壁增厚、脂肪滞留、肠梗阻(主要与局部炎症有关,很少是机械性梗阻的结果)、腹水、局部气腹、腹腔内脓肿、肝脓肿,以及胃肠道或实质器官内腹腔内的线性高密度结构,通常被炎症变化包围[5] [15] [24]。鱼骨导致的肠穿孔通常需要手术治疗,包括腹腔镜手术和开腹手术,如果没有腹膜污染,可以通过腹腔镜切除鱼骨并修复穿孔[25]。许多病例可以通过修复肠壁来治疗,但有些病例可能需要开腹手术行肠切除和肠造口术[12],如污染较重或者穿孔较大的情况。如果没有腹膜污染,也可通过双气囊内窥镜(DBE)治疗[26]。DBE是在2000年开发的,此后在日本和西方国家广泛用于小肠疾病的诊断和治疗[27]。最近,几篇报道描述了DBE在小肠异物清除治疗中的应用。被移除的材料包括针[28] [29]、鱼骨[26] [30]、硬币[31]和牙科器械[32]。如果出现脓肿形成和强烈的炎症反应,在急性期可能很难手术。在这种情况下,可以采用静脉注射抗生素的保守治疗,并将手术干预推迟到后期,待炎症和水肿消退后再行手术治疗,推迟时间根据具体情况而定。如有必要也可先行小肠近端造瘘术,2~3个月后再行手术治疗。如果手术管理延迟,应在手术前重复成像,因为鱼骨可能会从初始部位迁移,并可能导致邻近器官的并发症[6]。本病例中,因肠穿孔较小,暂予保守治疗,入院治疗4天后,患者病情好转,鱼骨顺利排出,再次复查血常规及腹部CT,见感染指标明显降低恢复正常,腹部CT也未见异常,保守治疗有效。

4. 结论

综上所述,鱼骨致小肠穿孔发病率较低,临床少见。其临床表现通常为腹痛、发热、肠梗阻、腹膜刺激和败血症等。CT为首选辅助检查,若CT检查难以诊断,可行DBE检查同时治疗。治疗方式包括保守治疗和手术治疗,手术治疗包括DBE、腹腔镜治疗、开腹探查术。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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