静脉联合局部应用氨基己酸与氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨转子间骨折近端钉抗旋转治疗围术期的安全性分析
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Combination with Topical Aminohexanoic Acid and Tranexamic Acid in the Perioperative Intertrochanteric Fracture in Elderly Patients
摘要: 背景:近年来,氨甲环酸(TXA)和氨基己酸(EACA)已应用于股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术(PFNA)。然而,临床医生对于哪种药物在PFNA中更有效和安全的怀疑需要澄清。目的:探讨氨基己酸与氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨近端钉抗旋转(PFNA)治疗老年股骨粗隆转子间骨折患者围术期应用的疗效与安全性。方法:回顾性筛选2019年1月至2022年8月于喀什地区第二人民医院行股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术的138例高龄患者,根据围术期中应用的抗纤溶止血药物不同分成2组,其中氨基己酸组73例,氨甲环酸组65例,且两组均为静脉和局部联合用药。对比两组患者在股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术期的各项失血及凝血指标、包括术后住院时间、术后并发症等情况。结果:① 术前资料:两组患者的年龄、性别、身体质量指数、患肢、OA分型、手术时间、高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、骨质疏松症以及红细胞、血小板、红细胞宽度、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物指标进行比较,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),而两组患者神经系统疾病(t = 14.281,P < 0.05)的差异有显著性意义;② 失血及凝血指标:氨基己酸组围术期的总失血量和隐性失血量明显少于氨甲环酸组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);氨甲环酸组和氨基己酸组的输血发生率、输血量、估算血容量和显性失血量相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);两组患者术后第1,5天红细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、国际化标准比(INR)、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物对比,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),氨基己酸组术后第1,5天红细胞宽度明显高于氨甲环酸组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);③ 两组患者住院时间、术后并发症肌间静脉血栓、深静脉血栓、肺血栓、切口感染、院内死亡、急性肾功能衰竭、癫痫、严重恶心呕吐和肺部感染的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:氨基己酸在高龄股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定围术期中应用的止血效果比氨甲环酸更强,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨转子间骨折围术期安全性方面基本一致;因此高龄患者在股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定围术期中作者建议首选氨基己酸作为抗纤溶止血药物。
Abstract: Background: In recent years, tranexamic acid (TXA) and aminohexanoic acid (EACA) have been used in closed reduction intramedullary needle fixation (PFNA) in femoral fractures. However, clinician doubts regarding which drug is more effective and safe in PFNA require clarification. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid in antiproximal femoral nail rotation (PFNA) in elderly patients with intertrochanteric trochanteric fractures. Methods: Retroactive screening from January 2020 to April 2023 in Xinjiang medical university sixth affiliated hospital of femoral fracture closed reduction intramedullary needle fixation of 138 patients, according to the perioperative application of antifibrinolytic hemostatic drugs different divided into 2 groups, including 73 cases of aminoxigenic acid group, 65 cases of tranexamic acid group, and both groups are intravenous and topical combination. The blood loss and coagulation indexes, including the postoperative hospital stay and the postoperative complications, were compared. Results: ① preoperative data: two groups of age, sex, body mass index, affected limb, OA classification, operation time, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, osteoporosis and red blood cells, platelets, red blood cell width, hemoglobin, hematocrit, C reactive protein, total protein, albumin, serum ferritin, D-dimer, PT activity, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation product index, No significant difference (P > 0.05), While both groups of patients with neurological disease (t = 14.281, P < 0.05); ② Blood loss and coagulation indexes: the total and recessive blood loss in the aminohexanoic acid group was significantly less than that in the tranexamic acid group, The difference was significant (P < 0.05); No difference in transfusion incidence, transfusion volume, estimated blood volume and dominant blood loss between tranexamic acid and hexanoic acid groups (P > 0.05); Two groups of patients after postoperative 1, 5 days of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, C reactive protein, total protein, albumin, serum ferritin, D-dimer, PT activity, international standard ratio (INR), fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products, No significant difference (P > 0.05), Postoperative group 1, 5-day red cell width was significantly higher than that in the tranexamic acid group, Significant difference (P < 0.05); ③ No significant differences between the duration of hospital stay, postoperative intermuscular venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thrombosis, incision infection, hospital death, acute renal failure, epilepsy, severe nausea and vomiting, and pulmonary infection (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Aminohexanoic acid is more effective in the perioperative period of femoral fracture, and aminohexanoic acid are basically the same. Therefore, the author recommends aminohexanoic acid as the preferred agent for femoral fracture.
文章引用:阿布都哈力克·阿布都日衣木, 艾孜木江·阿卜杜合力力. 静脉联合局部应用氨基己酸与氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨转子间骨折近端钉抗旋转治疗围术期的安全性分析[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(3): 898-913. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.33130

1. 前言

股骨粗隆间骨折(Intertrochanteric fracture of femur)是一种常见的髋部骨折类型,在中老年人中更为常见[1] [2]。随着全球人口的老龄化,粗隆转子间骨折的发生率也在上升[3] [4]。股骨粗隆间骨折几乎占所有髋部骨折的50% [5]。全球发生的髋部骨折数量将从1990年的166万增加到2050年的626万,在中国进入老龄化社会后,老年性骨折的发病率每10年增加30%,髋部骨折的数量也以4倍的速度增加,这将给医疗保健系统带来沉重的负担[6]。为了更好地恢复功能,早期手术治疗被认为股骨粗隆间骨折的首选选择[7]-[11]。主要的手术方法包括髋关节置换术(Total hip arthroplasty, THA)和股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术(Proximal femoral nail antirotation, PFNA),其中股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术应用广泛[12]。近年来,髓内固定已成为老年股骨粗隆间骨折的常用方法。在创伤性最小的基础上,患者可以早期康复,从而降低了急性肺炎、褥疮、下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)等因卧床而引起的并发症的风险[13] [14]。虽然股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术大量减少了手术时间和术中失血量,但既往已有研究观察到围手术期血红蛋白水平的降低。老年患者术后贫血常引起相关并发症,从而延长住院时间,增加患者的生理、心理和经济负担[15]。Sehat等人在一项研究中评估全膝关节置换术后失血量的研究中引入了隐性失血量(hidden blood loss, HBL)的概念。HBL是接受PFNA治疗的老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的关键问题。

降低围术期失血量的主要措施包括术前和术后补充血清铁蛋白和促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin, EPO)、控制术前术中术后血压、自体输血和抗纤溶止血药物[16]-[18],如氨甲环酸(Tranexamic acid, TXA),它是一种纤溶抑制剂,可逆地阻断赖氨酸的结合位点,赖氨酸与纤维蛋白原兼容;抑制抑制纤维蛋白溶解反应;防止血块被纤溶酶溶解;减少围手术期出血的程度[19] [20]。既往研究证明[21] [22],TXA可以显著减少全膝关节和全髋关节置换术中的失血量。氨基己酸(aminocaproic acid, EACA),具有抗纤维蛋白溶解亢进的功能,对于预防及治疗FBP溶解亢进引起的各种出血有较好的疗效[23]-[25]。研究表明[26],氨基己酸在髋膝关节置换术中能有效地减少出血、输血,药物不良反应少。虽然先前的研究表明氨基己酸和氨甲环酸均能降低全髋膝关节置换术过程中的失血量和输血率,从而改善患者的预后,但是目前国内外只有少数团队研究了氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨粗隆间骨折围术期疗效与安全性方面的作用。

因此,我们进行一项回顾性队列研究,评价氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期中的有效性及安全性,并为临床治疗提供理论依据。

2. 资料和方法

2.1. 设计

回顾性对比试验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,计量资料比较采用t检验。

2.2. 时间及地点

试验于2019年1月至2022年8月在喀什地区第二人民医院骨科完成。

2.3. 对象

纳入2020年1月至2023年4月在喀什地区第二人民医院进行股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定术的138例患者,根据围术期中应用的不同抗纤溶止血药物分成2组,氨甲环酸组65例,其中男18例,女47例,年龄(83.53 ± 3.16)岁;氨基己酸组73例,其中男22例,女51例,年龄(84.12 ± 3.05)岁。该研究方案的实施符合《赫尔辛基宣言》且已经喀什地区第二人民医院伦理委员会审核通过,所有研究对象已签署知情同意书。

2.4. 纳入标准

① 符合股骨粗隆间骨折的西医诊断标准,并且年龄 ≥ 80岁;② 生命体征平稳,无血液系统疾病;③ 无明确手术禁忌症,能够耐受并且接受股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定手术。④ 术前双下肢B超结果正常,凝血功能正常,未长期服用抗凝药物;⑤ 患者有自主行为能力,对该试验知情同意。

2.5. 排除标准

① 既往有静脉血栓形成病史;② 正在服用抗血小板或抗凝药物者;③ 合并血液系统疾病、凝血功能障碍、胃肠道出血疾病等严重内科疾病者;④ 术前肝功能、凝血功能、血小板异常的患者;⑤ 术前输血患者;⑥ 术前服用铁剂等治疗贫血的患者;⑦ 下肢重度静脉曲张患者。

2.6. 材料

内固定材料特征见表1

Table 1. Introduction of orthopedic implants used in clinical trials

1. 临床试验应用的骨科植入物介绍

指标

股骨近端仿生髓内钉

植入物生产厂家

天津正天医疗器械有限公司

批准号

津械备20220084号

组成

主钉、近端防旋钉、远端锁钉

材质

钛合金

适应症

各种类型股骨转子间骨折,股骨转子下骨折,股骨颈基底部骨折,股骨颈基底
骨折合并股骨干骨折,股骨转子间骨折合并股骨干骨折

生物相容性

生物相容性良好,内植物可长期保留体内

不良反应

金属过敏、断钉、松钉、异物排斥反应、严重骨质疏松无法进行有效固定

2.7. 手术与用药方法

2.7.1. 手术方案

所有PFNA均采用后外侧入路,由2名资深骨科医生组成的1个手术团队实施。两组患者均在术前30分钟静滴抗生素头孢呋辛钠(1.5 mg,山东润泽制药有限公司,国药准字:H20066552)预防感染。术中采用椎管内麻醉 + 腰硬联合。麻醉平稳后,患者取平卧位,患侧髋部垫高,使用牵引床牵引患肢、内旋,外展10度复位,透视见骨折对位对线可,常规消毒铺巾,从患侧股骨大粗隆近端5 cm处切纵形切口,按层次切开皮肤,皮下,深筋膜止血,纵形分高臀肌,显露股骨大粗隆,在大粗隆定点偏内导针定位,透视定位良好,定位克氏针在随腔内,用套筒保护下,用近端联合钻扩髓,导丝引导下向髓腔内插入股骨近端正天PFNA髓内钉主钉固定,透视髓内钉高度位置良好,骨折复位可,然后安装近端螺钉套筒,股骨大粗隆远端处切口,按层次切开皮肤、髂胫束至骨膜,安装外置套筒,用钻打开皮质,用定位针股骨颈定位,透视见股骨颈螺钉位置良好,股骨颈主钉测量,股骨颈拉力螺钉钻孔,安装防旋保护套,股骨颈主钻孔,拧入支撑加压钉,透视见骨折对位对线良好,股骨颈螺钉植入,然后安装远端外置套筒,切开约1 cm切口,按层次切致骨膜,安装套筒,钻孔拧入螺钉固定远端,透视髓内钉固定良好,冲洗切口,逐层次缝合,无菌敷料加压包扎。记录术中出血量,术毕,患者一般情况可生命体征平稳,神智清精神可,无明显不适主诉,患髋无明确活动受限,安返病区。

2.7.2. 给药方案

氨基己酸组:将2 g氨基己酸加入100 ML生理盐水,于术前20分钟静脉滴注。

氨甲环酸组:将1 g氨甲环酸加入100 ML生理盐水,于术前20分钟静脉滴注。

两组患者予以手法牵引行闭合复位满意后行PFNA内固定术,髓内钉“尾帽”锁紧后,浸泡外用50 ml (1 g)氨甲环酸/50 ml (2 g)氨基己酸,2分钟再进行缝合。术后所有患者均未放置压引流管引流。

2.7.3. 术后处理

所有患者在术后4 h内常规给予5%葡萄糖注射液(500 mL:25 mg,四川科伦药业股份有限公司) + 乳酸钠林格注射液(500 mL,新疆华世丹药业股份有限公司)补充血容量、维持电解质平衡。两组患者术后24小时内给予0.9%氯化钠注射液(100 ml,四川科伦药业股份有限公司,国药准字H51021156) + 注射用头孢呋辛钠(1.5 g山东润泽制药有限公司,国药准字H20066552)静滴为预防术后感染。两组患者术后的抗血栓方案相同,均在术后8 h内于皮下注射4100 IU那屈肝素钙注射液(0.4 mL:4100 IU,南京健友生化制药股份有限公司)之后每24 h皮下注射4100 IU那屈肝素钙,直至术后2周患者拆线后出院。如患者术后感术区疼痛不适,予以依托考昔片(成都苑东生物制药股份有限公司,国药准字H20193304)口服,必要时予以0.9%氯化钠注射液(100 ml,四川科伦药业股份有限公司,国药准字H51021156) + 帕瑞昔布钠(20 mg,湖南科伦制药有限公司,国药准字H20173309)静滴缓解术区疼痛。定期复查感染、凝血及肝肾功指标评估抗凝治疗效果,定期完善双下肢血管B超、腹部大血管B超以排除血栓,完善患侧股骨1:1正侧位、骨盆正位评估手术效果。术后定期换药并观察手术切口恢复情况。根据切口愈合情况术后第12天常规拆线,感染和血肿切口等完全愈合后拆线出院。出院后,告知患者于术后1、2个月定期来院复查下肢血管B超及凝血功能;此期间,病人需要严格卧床,不可下地负重。

2.8. 临床资料收集

2.8.1. 术前资料

患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、患肢、OA分型、手术时间、伴随疾病、及术前红细胞、血小板、红细胞宽度、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、国际化标准化、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物。

2.8.2. 术后资料

术后第1,5天进行生化血液检测,包括红细胞、血小板、红细胞宽度、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、国际化标准化、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物以及围术期总失血量、显性失血量、隐性失血量、输血率和输血量以及术后住院时间、并发症等。

2.9. 观察指标

2.9.1. 主要结局指标

包括围术期总失血量、显性失血量、隐性失血量、输血率、输血量和血液检测指标;采用Nadler’s方程计算粗隆间骨折总失血量、显性失血量及隐性失血量[22]

血容量(L) = k1 × 身高(m3) + k2 × 体重(kg) + k3,男性患者的指标是:k1 = 0.3669,k2 = 0.03219,k3 = 0.6041;女性患者的指标是:k1 = 0.3561,k2 = 0.03308,k3 = 0.1833。

总失血量(L) = (术前红细胞压积 − 术后最低红细胞压积) × 血容量/平均红细胞压积。术后第五天红细胞压积定义为术后最低红细胞压积。

隐性失血量 = 总失血量 − 显性失血量。

显性失血量 = 术中失血量 + 术后引流量。

2.9.2. 次要结局指标

包括术后住院时间、术后并发症(肌间静脉血栓、深静脉血栓、肺血栓、切口感染、院内死亡、急性肾功能衰竭、癫痫、严重恶心呕吐和肺部感染)、完全负重时间、内固定失效/二次骨折和术后12个月随访死亡率。

2.10. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行统计分析。本研究中来自测量数据的所有结果均以平均 ± 标准差表示,分类数据以百分比和频率计数表示;由于没有检测到偏离正态性的主要偏差,因此使用t检验来比较两个治疗组(EACA和TXA)之间的连续变量,而分类变量的比较使用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验。

3. 结果

3.1. 参与者数量分析

2019年1月~2022年8月,共有138例患者符合上述标准,纳入本研究。采用计算机生成随机数字法,将患者随机分为两组,其中,73例纳入氨基己酸组,65例纳入氨甲环酸组。

3.2. 试验流程图

两组分组流程图见图1

3.3. 两组术前资料比较

两组术前资料比较

术前两组患者的年龄、性别、身体质量指数、患肢、OA分型、手术时间、高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、骨质疏松症以及红细胞、血小板、红细胞宽度、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物指标进行比较,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),而两组患者神经系统疾病(t = 14.281,P < 0.05)的差异有显著性意义,见表2

Figure 1. Flow chart of patient assignment

1. 试验分组流程图

Table 2. Comparison of the preoperative general data between the two groups

2. 两组术前一般资料比较

指标

氨基己酸组(n = 73)

氨甲环酸组(n = 65)

X2(t)值

P

年龄(岁, X ¯ ±S )

84.12 ± 3.05

83.53 ± 3.16

−1.103

0.272

性别(例,男/女)

22/51

18/47

0.100

0.752

体质量指数(kg/m2 X ¯ ±S )

22.92 ± 4.08

23.39 ± 3.72

0.696

0.488

患肢(左/右)

28/45

30/35

0.858

0.345

OA分型

0.441

0.802

A1

33 (45.21)

28 (43.08)

/

/

A2

21 (28.76)

22 (33.85)

/

/

A3

19 (26.03)

15 (23.07)

/

/

手术时间(分钟, X ¯ ±S )

74.04 ± 27.34

97.50 ± 26.29

1.673

0.098

基础疾病(n)

高血压

39 (53.42)

30 (46.15)

0.727

0.394

糖尿病

19 (26.03)

21 (32.31)

0.659

0.417

心血管系统

31 (42.47)

27 (41.54)

0.012

0.912

神经系统

30 (41.10)

8 (12.31)

14.281

0.000

呼吸系统

7 (9.59)

8 (12.31)

0.262

0.609

骨质疏松症

16 (21.92)

9 (13.85)

1.510

0.219

红细胞(1012/L)

3.83 ± 0.61

3.92 ± .65

0.859

0.392

血小板(1012/L)

213.39 ± 84.75

213.46 ± 84.06

0.004

0.996

红细胞宽度(SD)

41.41 ± 10.88

41.50 ± 9.27

0.057

0.955

血红蛋白(g/L)

115.75 ± 20.46

120.61 ± 18.40

1.460

0.083

红细胞压积(%)

34.88 ± 6.71

36.10 ± 5.31

1.178

0.241

C反应蛋白

36.71 ± 39.99

30.35 ± 38.58

−0.948

0.345

总蛋白(g/L)

64.99 ± 6.36

64.92 ± 6.15

−0.067

0.947

白蛋白(g/L)

38.71 ± 5.11

44.42 ± 40.83

1.186

0.238

血清铁蛋白(μmol/L)

9.77 ± 10.08

8.37 ± 3.70

−1.060

0.291

D-二聚体(mg/L)

9.21 ± 13.56

9.62 ± 10.96

0.191

0.849

PT活动度(%)

104.07 ± 16.75

107.07 ± 17.22

1.037

0.302

国际化标准比(INR)

1.04 ± 0.10

1.02 ± 0.09

−1.327

0.187

纤维蛋白原

3.90 ± 1.07

3.54 ± 1.13

−1.912

0.058

纤维蛋白降解产物

37.85 ± 44.65

42.03 ± 43.80

0.553

0.581

3.4. 主要结局指标

3.4.1. 两组围术期出血量、输血率及输血量比较

氨基己酸组围术期的总失血量和隐性失血量明显少于氨甲环酸组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);氨甲环酸组和氨基己酸组的输血发生率、输血量、估算血容量和显性失血量相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),见表3

3.4.2. 两组术后失血、凝血指标比较

两组患者术后第1,5天红细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白、D-二聚体、PT活动度、国际化标准比(INR)、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白降解产物对比,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),氨基己酸组术后第1,5天红细胞宽度明显高于氨甲环酸组,差异有显著性意义(t术后第1 = −3.096,t术后第5 = −2.648,P < 0.05),见表4~8

Table 3. Comparison of perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion rate between the two groups

3. 两组围术期出血量、输血率比较

指标

氨基己酸组(n = 73)

氨甲环酸组(n = 65)

t/X2

P

输血发生率

31 (42.46)

25 (38.5)

9.151

0.690

输血单位/U

0.810

0.847

0

42 (57.54)

40 (61.60)

/

/

1

6 (8.22)

3 (4.620)

/

/

2

12 (16.44)

10 (15.40)

/

/

≥3

13 (17.80)

12 (18.48)

/

/

估算血容量(L)

3.78 ± 0.71

3.86 ± 0.71

0.607

0.545

总失血量(ml)

474.70 ± 963.65

780.25 ± 698.16

2.110

0.037

显性失血量(ml)

210.68 ± 164.31

199.92 ± 169.95

−0.378

0.707

隐性失血量(ml)

521.55 ± 901.61

803.40 ± 746.46

1.986

0.047

Table 4. Comparison of postoperative red cell, platelet, and red cell concentrations between the two groups

4. 两组术后红细胞、血小板、红细胞浓度比较

组别

红细胞(1012/L)

血小板

红细胞宽度

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

氨基己酸

3.29 ± 0.45

3.25 ± 0.48

260.75 ± 85.66

286.20 ± 86.19

44.37 ± 9.80

42.64 ± 11.41

氨甲环酸

3.18 ± 0.56

3.18 ± 0.52

265.24 ± 88.67

302.06 ± 107.36

37.88 ± 14.59

36.35 ± 16.31

t值

−1.241

−0.905

0.302

0.961

−3.096

−2.648

P

0.223

0.369

0.763

0.338

0.003

0.011

Table 5. Comparison of postoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, and C-reactive protein between the two groups

5. 两组术后血红蛋白、红细胞压积、C反应蛋白比较

组别

血红蛋白(1012/L)

红细胞压积

C反应蛋白

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

氨基己酸

99.70 ± 16.15

97.94 ± 15.04

30.70 ± 4.10

30.18 ± 4.07

70.20 ± 43.73

66.44 ± 40.53

氨甲环酸

98.15 ± 16.65

99.73 ± 19.97

29.65 ± 4.91

29.86 ± 4.46

78.00 ± 47.56

74.56 ± 49.74

t值

−0.556

0.598

−1.371

−0.442

1.004

1.056

P

0.580

0.551

0.177

0.661

0.317

0.293

Table 6. Comparison of total protein, albumin and serum ferritin between the two groups

6. 两组术后总蛋白、白蛋白、血清铁蛋白比较

组别

总蛋白

白蛋白

血清铁蛋白

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

氨基己酸

56.81 ± 6.12

58.46 ± 5.66

32.34 ± 3.82

33.27 ± 6.53

5.25 ± 2.92

6.48 ± 3.62

氨甲环酸

57.40 ± 6.29

57.73 ± 7.68

32.30 ± 4.44

32.97 ± 3.86

6.03 ± 5.43

6.74 ± 3.71

t值

0.560

−0.435

−0.052

−0.317

1.072

0.408

P

0.576

0.664

0.959

0.745

0.286

0.684

Table 7. Two groups of fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products

7. 两组围术期出血量、引流量比较

组别

纤维蛋白原

纤维蛋白降解产物

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

氨基己酸

4.59 ± 1.05

4.94 ± 1.10

24.67 ± 22.27

19.51 ± 13.40

氨甲环酸

4.76 ± 1.20

4.96 ± 1.28

21.22 ± 26.09

18.10 ± 14.41

t值

0.901

0.058

−0.837

−0.596

P

0.369

0.954

0.404

0.554

Table 8. Comparative comparison of postoperative coagulation markers between the two groups

8. 两组术后凝血指标比较

组别

D-二聚体(mg/L)

PT活动度(%)

国际化标准比

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

术后第1天

术后第5天

氨基己酸

6.57 ± 6.39

5.23 ± 2.83

96.12 ± 13.03

98.79 ± 12.26

1.11 ± 0.16

1.11 ± 0.09

氨甲环酸

5.00 ± 4.66

4.73 ± 2.52

95.40 ± 15.06

96.61 ± 15.38

1.08 ± 0.09

1.17 ± 0.76

t值

−1.630

−1.087

−0.304

−0.926

−1.366

0.622

P

0.099

0.276

0.764

0.362

0.163

0.535

3.5. 次要结局指标

两组术后住院时间及并发症发生情况比较

两组患者住院时间、术后并发症肌间静脉血栓、深静脉血栓、肺血栓、切口感染、院内死亡、急性肾功能衰竭、癫痫、严重恶心呕吐和肺部感染的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。具体见表9

Table 9. Comparison of postoperative hospital stay and complications between the two groups

9. 两组术后住院时间及并发症发生情况比较

组别

氨基己酸(n = 73)

氨甲环酸(n = 65)

X2

P值

术后住院时间

4.047

0.256

≥10天

15 (20.56)

15 (23.08)

/

/

≥15天

39 (53.42)

29 (44.62)

/

/

≥20天

19 (26.03)

18 (27.69)

/

/

≥50天

0 (0.00)

3 (4.62)

/

/

肌间静脉血栓

31 (42.47)

24 (36.56)

0.441

0.507

深静脉血栓

12 (16.44)

7 (10.78)

0.931

0.335

肺血栓

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

/

1.000

切口感染

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

/

1.000

院内死亡

0 (0.00)

1 (1.54)

1.131

0.288

急性肾功能衰竭

0 (0.00)

1 (1.54)

1.131

0.288

癫痫

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

/

1.000

严重恶心呕吐

1 (1.37)

0 (0.00)

0.897

0.344

肺部感染

0 (0.00)

2 (3.08)

2.279

0.131

4. 讨论

随着全球人口老龄化,股骨粗隆间骨折的发生率不断上升。事实上,股骨粗隆间骨折已成为老年人中最常见的髋关节骨折类型[27]。目前,手术是粗隆间骨折的首选治疗方法,临床疗效满意,并发症发生率低[10]。手术入路主要有两种:髓外固定和髓内固定[28]。髓内固定手术已成为治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的首选方法[29]。股骨粗隆间骨折围术期中,失血是不可避免的[30] [31]。“股骨粗隆间骨折围术期中,失血是不可避免的”,请说明减少失血的措施,术前准备、手术操作、止血技术的应用及术后管理。在过去几十年里,围术期中的主要失血量在临床实践中受到了极大的关注[32]。然而,围手术期隐性失血量的存在却经常被忽视,围手术期失血可导致许多并发症和预后不良[33],这种损失增加感染、深静脉血栓形成的发生率和患者的死亡率。

高龄患者股骨粗隆间骨折是一个手术挑战,因为围手术期隐性失血量和显性失血量会影响患者术后恢复和死亡率的增加。股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)显著减少手术创伤、失血量和术后并发症[34] [35]。而且术后患者的血常规指标水平对隐性失血量有很大的影响。因此,股骨粗隆间骨折围术期中及时应用止血药物,提高各血常规和血清铁蛋白指标。氨甲环酸被广泛用于减少围手术期的隐性失血量,并与良好的临床止血效果相关[36] [37]。目前国内外只有极少数研究报道了氨基己酸在股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期应用的疗效。

两种药物的止血效果:氨甲环酸(TXA)和氨基己酸(EACA)是骨科手术最常用的抗纤溶剂,具有基本相似的抗溶纤维机制,可抑制纤溶酶、纤溶酶原和纤维蛋白结合,直接抑制纤溶酶活性,从而防止凝块过早溶解,有利于止血和预防再出血。先前的研究已经证实,这两种药物都显著减少髋关节置换、膝关节置换以及心脏手术围手术期的失血量和输血量[38] [39]。虽然氨甲环酸在减少关节置换中失血量和安全性方面已经有充分的临床有效记录,但使用氨基己酸氨甲环酸比较相关研究较少。Hui等[40]报道,全髋关节置换围术期应用氨甲环酸在减少失血量和输血率方面优于氨基己酸,这与本次研究结果相反,我们的回顾性研究显示,氨基己酸组(521.55 ± 901.61)的隐性失血量明显低于氨甲环酸组(803.40 ± 746.46),差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。输血量方面两组的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。Juliann等[37]回顾性研究数据显示,纳入了369例髋关节和膝关节置换术中使用氨基己酸明显减少失血量和输血率,而且证明了氨基己酸在减少失血量和输血率方面似乎是安全有效的临床结果。Rui等[41]的随机对照研究认为,氨基己酸组和氨甲环酸组在PFNA治疗的老年股骨粗隆间骨折围术期手术失血量和术后引流方面无显著差异,但氨甲环酸组的总失血量更大。氨基己酸组的显性失血量和隐性失血量明显低于氨甲环酸组,氨基己酸组的输血率和输血量也较低。最近,Churchill报道表明,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在全髋关节置换术中在减少失血量和输血需求方面具有相似的临床疗效,而氨基己酸似乎比氨甲环酸[7]更经济优势。因此,他们团队建议氨基己酸在骨科手术中替代氨甲环酸[42]。两项[43] [44] Meta分析纳入756例关节置换患者,比较了氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在关节置换围术期的疗效及安全性,结果显示,氨基己酸可显著降低关节置换围术期总失血量、术后血红蛋白丢失和输血量。此次研究结果与上述相关文献报道基本一致,这表明氨基己酸组在围术期减少失血量方面优于氨甲环酸组。

两种药物的安全性:RIAZ等[45]研究发现,氨甲环酸组和氨基己酸组在全膝关节置换术后血栓栓塞发生率差异无显著性意义。LIU等[46]通过Meta分析,评价1714例患者在全膝关节和全髋关节置换围术期应用氨基己酸和氨甲环酸的安全性,结果显示,两组患者术后住院时间和并发症发生率方面差异无显著性意义。这与我们本研究得出的结果基本一致。既往研究证实,氨基己酸组与安慰剂组相比,氨基己酸组能显著减少输血率,具有良好的安全性[47],同时因为氨基己酸不会通过血脑屏障,引起癫痫和脑卒中等术后并发症的概率较氨甲环酸更低,之所以氨基己酸在外科领域得到了广泛应用[48]。杨鹏等[49]随机对照研究数据显示,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸组两组的住院时间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。安全性方面,氨基己酸组有3例、氨甲环酸组有2例出现肌间静脉血栓并发症,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),两组均未发生双下肢深静脉血栓、肺栓塞等急性血栓并发症。氨基己酸组有1例发生感染,经换药愈合后出院。两组均未发生各类卒中、肾衰及癫痫等并发症。这与本研究结果基本一致,我们数据显示,氨基己酸组有31例患者出现肌间静脉血栓及12例深静脉血栓,氨甲环酸组有24例患者出现肌间静脉血栓及7例深静脉血栓,两组均未发生肺血栓、切口感染及癫痫等并发症。胡朝期等[50]认为,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折围术期均不增加血栓相关的相关并发症。高猛等[51]研究报道,氨甲环酸在股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换围术期具有良好的降低各类并发症发生率。Liu等[46] [52] [53]三篇研究和Meta分析数据显示,抗纤溶药物氨基己酸或氨甲环酸会增加血栓形成的风险,这与既往研究结果相反。Lecker等[54]认为,氨基己酸具有减少癫痫发作。Xu等[55] Meta分析结果显示,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在安全性方面,均没有显示出肺血栓和下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险。这与本研究结果基本一致。但是两篇[56] [57]研究证实比氨基己酸相比氨甲环酸能减少下肢深静脉血栓形成和肺血栓的发生率[55]。这结果与既往研究结果相反。并且这两项研究纳入了2888例患者,氨基己酸组1679例患者中8例发生下肢静脉血栓形成,氨甲环酸组1209例患者中6例报告下肢静脉血栓并发症,结果显示氨甲环酸相比,应用氨基己酸并没有增加下肢静脉血栓形成的风险。

研究的局限性:① 纳入的样本量相对较小,随访时间不够长,这可能导致部分术后并发症未发现以及影响统计学意义。② 本次试验是回顾性研究,因此可能会出现数据资料的丢失或者未能及时将数据记录下来的可能性,会对结果产生偏倚,但是作者所属的研究团队都严格认真地记录了各组术后并发症情况,使实验数据最大程度上的保持完整性,两种药物的疗效和安全性比较还需长期的、多中心随机对照研究加以验证。③ 氨基己酸和氨甲环酸的最佳剂量目前还无定论,因此本试验中所使用的药物剂量可能会产生不准确的结果。

结论:综上所述,氨基己酸在高龄股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定围术期中应用的止血效果比氨甲环酸更强,氨基己酸和氨甲环酸在高龄老年股骨转子间骨折围术期安全性方面基本一致;因此高龄患者在股骨骨折闭合复位髓内针内固定围术期中作者建议首选氨基己酸作为抗纤溶止血药物。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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