超强台风Maria (201808)的快速增强过程分析

Analysis of the Rapid Intensifying Process of Super Typhoon Maria (201808)

摘要: 文章利用中国气象局中央气象台(NMC)、日本气象厅(JMA)最佳路径资料和综合强度资料、GMS卫星数据、NCEP分析数据，选择7月1日~7月5日Maria台风在快速增强发生前和发生期间的环境场数据，考察环境因子在Maria台风快速增强中的作用，分析大尺度环流形势和对流发生的中尺度环境特征，讨论了Rossby波下游效应对Maria台风的影响。根据极端天气法的定义，选择7月4日12时~7月5日12时为快速增长，在RI发生时低层的副高明显增强，高层的南亚高压随时间的发展扩展范围向东延伸，南亚高压快速增加。增强了周围的气压梯度，促进了台风的进一步发展。低层辐合、高层辐散的配置，增强了气流的垂直上升运动，在暖性洋面(>29℃)、充沛的水汽条件和较小的垂直风切变环境条件下，促进了台风中心降水和凝结潜热能量的释放，维持并增强了台风的暖心结构，使得台风的强度有明显提升，促进了Maria台风RI的发生。在垂直风切变下风区域的气流在低层辐合和气旋性旋转的作用下，其对流的发展较快较强，尤其是垂直风切变下风区和左侧，对流运动旺盛。Prapiroon台风位于Maria台风的西北侧、移动路线的上游区，能量传递增加先于台风RI的发生，说明Rossby波的下游效应是影响台风的快速增强的发生的因素。

Abstract: This study utilizes best track data and comprehensive intensity data from the National Meteorological Center of China (NMC), as well as data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), GMS satellite data, and NCEP analysis data. It focuses on the environmental field data from July 1 to July 5 during the rapid intensification of Typhoon Maria, examining the role of environmental factors in this process. The study analyzes the large-scale circulation patterns and the mesoscale environmental characteristics associated with convection, and discusses the influence of downstream effects from Rossby waves on Typhoon Maria. According to the definition of extreme weather law, the period from July 4 at 12:00 to July 5 at 12:00 is selected for analyzing rapid intensification (RI). During this RI phase, the low-level subtropical high significantly strengthened, while the upper-level South Asian high gradually expanded eastward over time, leading to a rapid intensification of the South Asian high. This enhanced the surrounding pressure gradient, promoting the further development of the typhoon. The configuration of low-level convergence and upper-level divergence intensified the vertical ascending motion of the airflow. In conditions characterized by warm ocean surfaces (>29°C), abundant moisture, and low vertical wind shear, convection in the typhoon’s center was enhanced, releasing latent heat energy and maintaining and strengthening the typhoon’s warm core structure. As a result, there was a significant increase in the intensity of the typhoon, facilitating the RI of Typhoon Maria. In the downshear region of the vertical wind shear, the airflow, influenced by low-level convergence and cyclonic rotation, exhibited rapid and strong convective development, particularly in the downshear and left-side regions where convection was vigorous. Typhoon Prapiroon, located to the northwest of Typhoon Maria and upstream along its path, indicated that energy transfer increased prior to the occurrence of Typhoon Maria’s RI. This suggests that the downstream effects of Rossby waves play a significant role in influencing the rapid intensification of the typhoon.