单通道经椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术与单侧双通道内镜下椎间盘切除术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床比较
Clinical Comparison of Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy and Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Discectomy for Single-Level Lumbar Disc herniation
DOI: 10.12677/hjs.2024.134009, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈思苍, 李小俊, 林中秋*:龙港市人民医院骨科,浙江 龙港;周 洋:温州医科大学附属第一医院脊柱外科,浙江 温州
关键词: 单通道经椎间孔镜单侧双通道脊柱内镜技术腰椎间盘突出症PTED UBE LDH
摘要: 目的:比较单通道经椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术(PTED)和单侧双通道内镜下椎间盘切除术(UBE)治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的临床效果。材料与方法:回顾性分析了2020年1月至2021年11月期间62例单节段LDH患者的临床资料。所有患者均在我院和温州医科大学附属第一医院接受了脊柱手术。其中30例患者接受了UBE治疗,32例患者接受了PTED治疗。所有患者均随访至少一年。术前和术后回顾患者的人口统计学特征和围手术期结果。使用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、腰腿痛的视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及改良MacNab标准来评估临床效果。术后一年进行X线检查以评估腰椎的稳定性。结果:UBE组和PTED组的平均年龄分别为46.7岁和48.0岁。与UBE组相比,PTED组术后1天和7天的腰背痛VAS评分更好(3.06 ± 0.80 vs 4.03 ± 0.81, P < 0.05; 2.81 ± 0.60 vs 3.70 ± 0.79, P < 0.05)。UBE组和PTED组在腿痛VAS评分和ODI评分上均有显著改善,并且在末次随访时,两组之间没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。虽然UBE组和PTED组在改良MacNab标准的优良率上相似(86.7% vs 87.5%, P > 0.05),但PTED在手术时间、估计失血量、切口长度和术后住院时间方面具有优势。结论:UBE和PTED在单节段LDH患者中均有良好的临床效果。然而,PTED在术后短期背痛缓解和围手术期生活质量方面优于UBE。
Abstract: Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) and unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy (UBE) for the treatment of single-level lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Materials and Methods: From January 2020 to November 2021, 62 patients with single-level LDH were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent spinal surgeries at the Longgang People’s Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Among them, 30 patients were treated with UBE, and 32 were treated with PTED. The patients were followed up for at least one year. Patient demographics and perioperative outcomes were reviewed before and after surgery. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain and leg pain, and modified MacNab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. x-ray examinations were performed one year after surgery to assess the stability of the lumbar spine. Results: The mean ages in the UBE and PTED groups were 46.7 years and 48.0 years, respectively. Compared to the UBE group, the PTED group had better VAS scores at 1 and 7 days after surgery (3.06 ± 0.80 vs. 4.03 ± 0.81, P < 0.05; 2.81 ± 0.60 vs. 3.70 ± 0.79, P < 0.05). The UBE and PTED groups demonstrated significant improvements in the VAS score and ODI score, and no significant differences were found between the groups at last follow-up (P > 0.05). Although the good-to-excellent rate of the modified MacNab criteria in the UBE group was similar to that in the PTED group (86.7% vs. 87.5%, P > 0.05), PTED was advantageous in terms of the operation time, estimated blood loss, incision length, and length of postoperative hospital stay. Conclusions: Both UBE and PTED have favorable outcomes in patients with single-level LDH. However, PTED is superior to UBE in terms of short-term postoperative back pain relief and perioperative quality of life.
文章引用:陈思苍, 周洋, 李小俊, 林中秋. 单通道经椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术与单侧双通道内镜下椎间盘切除术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床比较[J]. 外科, 2024, 13(4): 63-70. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjs.2024.134009

1. 引言

腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)是指椎间盘或髓核突出至正常椎间隙外,是导致下背痛和下肢痛的主要原因[1]。尽管保守治疗仍是主要治疗策略,但当保守治疗无效或神经症状严重,需要进行椎间盘切除术[2]

随着医疗技术的进步,开放式椎间盘切除术逐渐被微创脊柱手术所取代,显微椎间盘切除术已成为治疗腰椎间盘突出症的重要组成部分[3]。在内镜设备和技术的发展推动下,开发出了一系列改进的微创腰椎手术技术[4]

为了保护正常的脊柱结构,在1997年由Yeung提出了经椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术(PTED)用于治疗LDH [5]。它基于腰椎后外侧区域的安全区域,PTED可以在局部麻醉下有效地移除突出的椎间盘[6]。由于具有良好的临床效果和围手术期生活质量,PTED受到了许多脊柱外科医生和患者的认可[7]。有研究表明,PTED较传统的开窗髓核摘除术效果更优,术后恢复更快,且并发症发生率更低[8]。然而,除了学习曲线陡峭外,该技术还需要专门的设备,且椎间盘切除受工作通道的限制[9]

近年来,使用关节镜系统的单侧双通道内镜下椎间盘切除术(UBE)变得越来越流行,尤其在亚洲[10]。UBE减压通过两个小的分离手术通道在同侧进行。与PTED相比,UBE不受单通道管的限制[11]。外科医生可以在高分辨率关节镜和生理盐水灌洗下的清晰手术视野中进行椎间盘切除和纤维环缝合[12]。先前的报道也显示了UBE在治疗颈椎和胸椎疾病方面的令人满意的临床效果[13]

很少有研究直接比较PTED和UBE治疗LDH的效果[14]。因此,为了探讨两种手术技术之间的差异,本研究比较了UBE和PTED治疗单节段LDH的临床疗效。

2. 方法

2.1. 人口统计学特征

我们在两家医院对2020年1月至2021年11月期间接受UBE和PTED治疗的患者进行了回顾性分析。这些手术由两位经验丰富的外科医生进行。他们具有超过15年的开放性腰椎手术经验,并且有超过3年的PTED和UBE经验。其人口统计学特征的基线参数(见表1)。

Table 1. Demographic characteristics

1. 人口统计学特征

一般资料

UBE组(n = 30)

PETD组(n = 32)

P

年龄(岁)

46.70 ± 11.62

48.03 ± 13.20

0.676

性别(男/女)

11/19

13/19

0.749

病程(月)

13.53 ± 9.00

12.90 ± 9.17

0.787

突出方向(左/右)

14/16

15/17

0.987

节段(L4-5/L5-S1)

17/13

17/15

0.779

2.2. 纳入标准

(1) 因单节段LDH导致的显著下肢放射性疼痛,经X线、CT和MRI确诊;(2) 至少三个月的保守治疗后无改善;(3) 术后随访至少12个月。排除标准为:(1) 主要表现为背痛或X线显示节段不稳定;(2) 既往腰椎手术史;(3) 肿瘤、感染或外伤;(4) 无法耐受全身麻醉。

回顾了围手术期结果和并发症。由一名独立外科医生评估VAS和ODI评分以及改良MacNab标准。术后一年进行了X线检查以评估两组的节段稳定性。

2.3. 手术过程

对于UBE组,手术过程(基于L4~L5节段椎间盘突出)按照文献报道的方法进行[15]。在成功进行气管插管全身麻醉后,患者俯卧位放置,腹部覆盖无菌布,并用X线透视标记L4-L5椎间隙。初始目标点位于L4下层板和棘突的交界处。调整手术床,直到责任椎间隙垂直于地面,形成第一条水平线,并沿L4~L5椎弓根内缘画第二条线。沿第二条线在体表上确定观察和操作切口点,约在两条线交点外0.5~1.0厘米处。在皮肤和皮下筋膜上做两个长度为0.8~1.0厘米的切口。然后钝性扩展并分离覆盖在椎板表面的软组织,形成工作和观察通道。通过灌洗,将关节镜系统插入观察通道。通过工作通道用等离子刀去除椎间隙表面的软组织。接下来,识别L4~L5水平的同侧棘突结合部,使用钻头去除部分L4下层板和L5上层板。暴露的黄韧带被去除后,用Kerrison钳进行椎间盘切除。最后在止血后放置引流管。术后进行了X线、CT和MRI检查。

对于PTED组,以下步骤(基于L4~L5节段椎间盘突出)按照文献报道的方法进行[16]。患者侧卧位,膝关节和髋关节屈曲,腰下放置一个软枕。切口水平位于距中线8~12厘米处,垂直位于髂嵴上方2~4厘米处。使用混合局部麻醉剂,其中包含30毫升1:200,000肾上腺素和20毫升2%利多卡因。向皮肤入口点注入5毫升混合麻醉剂,向轨迹注入20毫升,向关节突注入15毫升,向孔注入10毫升。然后在皮肤和皮下筋膜上切开0.8~1.0厘米。用钻头去除L5上关节突的腹侧骨赘。插入PTED系统。用内窥镜钳完全切除同侧黄韧带和突出的腰椎间盘。在止血后放置引流管。术后进行了X线、CT和MRI检查。

2.4. 统计分析

使用SPSS 26程序(美国IBM公司)进行统计分析。重复测量方差分析用于比较两组之间的VAS和ODI评分。独立样本t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验或Fisher精确检验用于评估人口统计学特征和围手术期结果。统计显著性水平设定为P < 0.05。

2.5.结果

符合研究纳入标准的62例患者中,30例接受了UBE治疗,32例接受了PTED治疗。手术参数包括手术时间、估计失血量、切口长度、住院时间和并发症数量(见表2)。除X线次数外,接受PTED治疗的患者的围手术期结果均优于接受UBE治疗的患者。

Table 2. Perioperative indexes

2. 围手术期指标

项目

UBE组(n = 30)

PETD组(n = 32)

P

手术时间(分)

84.17 ± 17.62

64.06 ± 14.73

0.00

失血量(毫升)

51.33 ± 18.33

13.13 ± 3.76

0.00

切口长度(厘米)

2.27 ± 0.39

1.23 ± 0.25

0.00

X线透视次数

6.13 ± 1.28

11.16 ± 3.71

0.00

术后住院时间(天)

4.83 ± 1.86

3.28 ± 1.08

0.00

并发症(有/无)

3/27

2/30

0.884

3. 临床结果

术前两组的VAS和ODI评分相似。与UBE组相比,PTED组在术后1天和7天的VAS评分更好(3.06 ± 0.80 vs 4.03 ± 0.81, P < 0.05; 2.81 ± 0.60 vs 3.70 ± 0.79, P < 0.05)。在12个月时,我们观察到PTED组和UBE组的腰腿痛VAS评分以及ODI评分改善无差异(见表3)。根据改良的MacNab标准,UBE组的优良率为86.7% (26/30),PTED组为87.5% (28/32) (见表4)。在两组的一年随访期间,均未出现节段不稳定。

4. 并发症

UBE组的三例患者出现硬膜撕裂,其中一例术后出现脑脊液漏和头痛。这些症状通过充分的卧床休息和延长引流时间得到缓解。PTED组的一例患者抱怨感觉异常和胫前肌无力,经过一周的神经营养药物治疗后改善;另一例患者在手术过程中出现硬膜撕裂,但术后未出现脑脊液漏。没有发生与手术相关的严重并发症。

Table 3. Comparison of VAS and ODI scores between the two groups

3. 两组患者VAS、ODI评分比较

VAS评分

ODI评分

UBE组(n = 30)

术前

6.68 ± 1.01

64.10 ± 7.73

术后1天

3.06 ± 0.80ab

26.78 ± 3.56a

术后7天

2.81 ± 0.60ab

22.46 ± 2.45a

术后1年

1.59 ± 0.30a

16.20 ± 1.98a

PETD组(n = 32)

术前

6.73 ± 0.98

64.27 ± 7.84a

术后1天

4.03 ± 0.81ab

25.86 ± 2.79a

术后7天

3.70 ± 0.79ab

22.28 ± 2.41a

术后1年

1.73 ± 0.40a

15.47 ± 1.88a

注:a:与术前比较,P < 0.05。b:同时期两组比较,P < 0.05。

Table 4. Curative effect of modified MacNab in two groups

4. 两组患者改良MacNab疗效

组别

例数

优(例)

良(例)

可(例)

差(例)

优良率(%)

UBE组

30

14

12

3

1

86.7%

PETD组

32

15

13

3

1

87.5%

5. 讨论

VAS评分、ODI评分和改良MacNab标准的显著改善显示了两组患者的满意度,表明PTED和UBE在治疗LDH方面均有效。然而除X线次数外,PTED在手术时间、估计失血量、切口长度、术后住院时间和术后短期背痛缓解方面具有优势。

对于LDH的外科治疗,最经典的减压方法是开放性椎板切除髓核摘除术,是否融合则取决于具体情况[17]。然而,开放性椎板切除髓核摘除术会破坏椎旁肌肉和后部稳定结构,导致术后的愈合时间更长。因此,需要一种创伤较小的方法来减少损伤,并在治疗腰椎疾病时尽量减少手术创伤[18]

作为一种微创技术,PTED广泛应用于治疗LDH,具有术后康复快和手术创伤小的优点。与传统的开放性椎间盘切除术相比,PTED具有保护后部韧带结构、关节突和椎板的优势。它避免了需要牵拉神经根,并且住院时间较短,术中出血较少,恢复较快[19]

PTED可以在局部麻醉下完成[20]。局部使用利多卡因联合肾上腺素后,手术视野更加清晰,没有明显的药物相关并发症。灌洗压力也可以适当降低,从理论上减少脊柱高压反应的发生。此外,如果手术设备在操作过程中刺激到神经根,清醒的患者会感到异常感觉,外科医生可以及时停止操作[21]。可以询问患者是否主观上感到症状缓解,并进行直腿抬高试验;这些反应可以用来确定是否应终止手术。局部麻醉还可以减少老年患者与全身麻醉相关的并发症。然而PETD手术也有局限性,如学习曲线陡峭,学习周期较长[22]。如果患者髂嵴较高,就不容易将套管置入靶点。操作空间和视野也受限于单个工作通道。

自从De Antoni在1996年首次报道使用关节镜进行UBE以来,取得了良好的临床效果。然而,由于缺乏用于去除椎板和止血的电动钻和射频设备,UBE的发展受到了限制[23]。近年来,随着内镜手术器械的出现,UBE广泛应用于治疗LDH和腰椎管狭窄症。Soliman在2013年提出了使用这种微创技术治疗LDH的方法。他总结说,通过不同通道扩展了手术视野,并且在灌洗下血管出血较少。UBE的减压过程和器械类似于开放性后路椎间盘切除术,因此只需短期培训即可进行。因此,UBE的学习曲线相对平缓和短暂。Xu提出掌握UBE技术仅需54例手术。由于操作器械和观察通道在不同的通道中,除了常规的UBE器械,术者可以使用常规的开放手术器械(如骨凿、咬骨钳、镊子和神经牵开器),大大提高工作效率。此外与PTED不同,UBE方法不受髂嵴高度的影响[24]

在我们的研究中,UBE的手术时间比PTED长。一个原因是UBE的手术时间从全身麻醉开始到止血后放置引流管结束;PTED的手术时间从局部麻醉插入到放置引流管结束。另一个原因是,在进行椎板切除术之前,灌洗压力为35~40厘米水柱[25]。但在进行椎间盘切除术时,为了避免由于灌洗液高压引起的硬膜外和颅内压增加以及肌肉水肿引起的潜在神经并发症,我们将灌洗压力降低到25厘米水柱[26]。止血时间可能较长。因此,在我们的研究中,UBE的总手术时间比PTED长。但这并不意味着UBE在椎间盘切除进展中的效率低于PTED。

然而,UBE的创伤相对大于PTED [27]。由于缺乏刚性通道来扩张软组织,因此在减压前需要钝性分离最长肌和多裂肌以创建操作空间。建立操作空间的过程可能会损伤附着在椎板上的肌肉和其他解剖结构。因此,从理论上讲,UBE会导致更大的失血量和更严重的术后背痛[28]

本研究有一些局限性。首先,这是一项回顾性研究,随访周期相对较短,样本量较少。其次,手术选择有限。为了确认长期结果,未来需要进行不同手术程序和更大样本量的前瞻性多中心研究。

6. 结论

UBE和PTED在单节段腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的治疗中均显示出良好的效果。在局部麻醉下进行的PTED对骨骼和肌肉的损伤较小,术中出血较少,手术时间较短,术后住院时间也比UBE组更短。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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