马尔库塞单向度意识形态批判及其逻辑归宿

Marcuse’s Critique of Unidirectional Ideology and Its Logical Destination

摘要: 作为法兰克福学派的代表人物之一，马尔库塞在《单向度的人》一书中披露了发达工业社会下资本主义对人和社会的新型控制：新极权社会放弃以往旧极权社会的野蛮手段，通过温和的非暴力方式，即单向度意识对人进行全方位的操控，技术理性代替政治理性，虚假的需求代替真实的需求，人失去否定性成为单向度的人，无产阶级丧失革命意识成为“福利国家”的追随者，社会失去批判性成为单向度的社会。马尔库塞的单向度批判理论在每个时期关注的重点都有所不同，但都有一个明确的逻辑归宿，即人的解放，大学生和大学教授等知识分子对无产阶级革命意识的唤醒起着启蒙作用，无产阶级仍然是革命的主体力量，革命的途径由“大拒绝”、非暴力反抗转向艺术和美学救赎。

Abstract: As one of the representative figures of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse revealed in his book One Dimensional Man, a new type of control of capitalism over people and society in developed industrial societies: the new totalitarian society abandons the barbaric means of the old totalitarian society and manipulates people in all aspects through gentle nonviolent means, that is, one dimensional consciousness. Technological rationality replaces political rationality, false needs replace real needs, people lose their negativity and become one dimensional, the proletariat loses their revolutionary consciousness and becomes followers of the “welfare state”, and society loses its critical nature and becomes a one-dimensional society. Marcuse’s one-dimensional critical theory has different focuses in each period, but it has a clear logical destination, which is the liberation of human beings. Intellectuals such as university students and professors play an enlightening role in awakening the revolutionary consciousness of the proletariat. The proletariat is still the main force of revolution, and the path of revolution has shifted from “great rejection” and nonviolent resistance to artistic and aesthetic redemption.