采煤塌陷区乡村聚落空间结构演化过程、特征及影响因素研究——基于濉溪县刘桥镇的案例分析

Study on the Evolution Process, Characteristics and Influence Factors of the Coal-Mining Subsidence Area’s Rural Settlements Spatial Structure—Case Analysis Based on Liuqiao Town in Suixi County

摘要: 采煤塌陷区乡村聚落与非矿区乡村聚落的空间结构演化既有共性，也有差异性。本文运用Arcgis技术平台，从聚落的数量、斑块形状指数、平均斑块分维数、破碎化指数及核密度方法，定量化分析了两淮矿区刘桥镇乡村聚落空间结构演化过程、特征，定性与定量化相结合分析了刘桥镇乡村聚落空间结构演化的影响因素。结果表明：(1) 研究期内刘桥镇乡村聚落数量减少了21个，用地面积减少了33.13 hm²；最大聚落面积增长了4.39 hm²、最小聚落面积变化不大。(2) 刘桥镇乡村聚落北、中、南3个空间分布格局有差异，中西部塌陷区乡村聚落减少最多，主要向中东部搬迁安置；北部乡村聚落减少次之而南部乡村聚落空间结构比较稳定。(3) 刘桥镇乡村聚落破碎化指数和斑块形状指数有小幅降低，总体以集聚发展为主，聚落形态整体向规整化方向发展；平均斑块形状指数略有增长但平均斑块分维数变化不大，单个聚落斑块稳定性较强，形状有向复杂化发展态势。(4) 地势、坡度、交通道路和集镇发展等自然社会经济因素对塌陷区乡村聚落空间结构演化产生影响，但坡向、河流等因素影响作用不显著；采煤塌陷是促使矿区乡村聚落空间结构演化的主因，搬迁安置政策对聚落的空间结构具有刚性制约。

Abstract: The spatial structure evolution of rural settlements in coal-mining subsidence areas and non-mining rural settlements has both commonalities and differences. This paper uses Arcgis technology platform to quantitatively analyze the process and characteristics of spatial structure evolution of rural settlements in Liuqiao Township of Lianghuai Mining Area, from the number of settlements, patch shape index, average patch sub-dimension, fragmentation index and kernel density method, and analyzes the influencing factors of spatial structure evolution of rural settlements in Liuqiao Town by combining qualitative and quantitative. The consequence shows that: (1) the number of rural settlements in Liuqiao Town decreased by 21 and the land area decreased by 33.13 hm² during the study period; the largest settlement area increased by 4.39 hm² and the smallest settlement area did not change much. (2) There are differences in the spatial distribution patterns of the northern, middle and southern villages in Liuqiao Town, with the rural villages in the central and western collapse areas decreasing the most, mainly wanting to relocate and resettle in the central and eastern parts; the rural villages in the north decreasing the second most, while the spatial structure of the rural villages in the south is relatively stable. (3) The fragmentation index and the patch shape index of Liuqiao Town have slightly decreased, and the overall development is mainly in the direction of agglomeration, and the overall development of the settlement form is in the direction of regularization; the average patch shape index has slightly increased but the average patch sub-dimension has not changed much, and the stability of individual settlement patches is strong, and the shape has developed towards complexity. (4) Natural socio-economic factors such as terrain, slope, traffic roads and town development have influenced the spatial structure evolution of rural settlements in the collapse area, but the influence of slope direction and rivers is not significant; coal mining collapse is the main reason for the spatial structure evolution of rural settlements in the mining area, and the relocation and resettlement policy has rigid constraints on the spatial structure of settlements.