中国视角下的失眠抑郁共病
Co-Morbidity of Insomnia and Depression from a Chinese Perspective
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14102686, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 高 涛:湖南中医药大学中西医结合学院,湖南 长沙;向 寒:来凤县第二实验中学,湖北 来凤;吴倩楠:湖南中医药大学人文与管理学院,湖南 长沙;傅维劼:湖南中医药大学科技处,湖南 长沙;丑天舒*:湖南中医药大学医学院,湖南 长沙
关键词: 失眠抑郁共病机制中医药治疗Insomnia Depression Co-Morbidity Mechanism Chinese Medicine Treatment
摘要: 失眠症和抑郁症是全球性的重大公共卫生问题,会严重限制社会心理功能和降低生活质量。然而,中国精神卫生现状面临精神障碍患病率高但就诊率低,难治性精神障碍比例高但药物反应差以及精神卫生资源和服务能力不足等问题,因此迫切需要对这个精神卫生疾病进行回顾总结。本综述的目的是简要回顾有关失眠症、抑郁症和失眠抑郁共病的研究以总结中国国情下这些疾病的特点。总的来说,失眠抑郁共病是生物、心理和社会因素共同作用的结果,炎症因子假说、心理社会因素假说、遗传相关性假说、神经生物学机制假说(神经递质系统、神经内分泌系统和神经免疫机制)等机制可充分解释这一现象。阴阳失衡、脏腑失调被认为是其中医病机。具有中国特色的医疗手段——针灸和中草药被证明可通过上述途径治疗失眠抑郁共病,但多项证据表明中西医结合治疗可实现优势互补从而发挥更好的疗效。
Abstract: Insomnia and depression are major global public health problems that can severely limit psychosocial functioning and reduce quality of life. However, the current state of mental health in China faces high prevalence of mental disorders but low consultation rates, a high proportion of refractory mental disorders but poor medication response, and insufficient mental health resources and service capacity; therefore, there is an urgent need to review and summarize this mental health disorder. The purpose of this review is to briefly review studies on insomnia, depression and insomnia-depression co-morbidity to summarize the characteristics of these disorders in the Chinese context. In general, insomnia-depression co-morbidity is the result of a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors, which can be adequately explained by mechanisms such as the inflammatory factor hypothesis, the psychosocial factor hypothesis, the genetic correlation hypothesis, and the hypothesis of neurobiological mechanisms (neurotransmitter system, neuroendocrine system, and neuroimmune mechanisms). Imbalance of yin and yang and disorder of internal organs are considered to be the mechanism of Chinese medicine. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine, medical tools with Chinese characteristics, have been shown to treat insomnia and depression co-morbidities through the above pathways, but evidence suggests that a combination of Chinese and Western medicine can complement each other’s strengths to achieve better efficacy.
文章引用:高涛, 向寒, 吴倩楠, 傅维劼, 丑天舒. 中国视角下的失眠抑郁共病[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(10): 509-520. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14102686

1. 介绍

失眠症已成为第二常见的精神疾病[1],是成年人中最常见、负担最重的疾病之一[2]。抑郁症是一种严重限制社会心理功能和降低生活质量的常见疾病[3],作为一项全球性的重大公共卫生问题,对全球疾病负担构成了显著贡献[4]。不同国家和地区的抑郁症和失眠症患病率存在差异。各国的抑郁症患病率在0.4%至27.0%之间[5] [6]。相类似地,不同国家之间的失眠症的患病率(10%~30%)也存在差异[7] [8]。国家间和中国不同地区之间的差异可能是由于调查对象、研究周期、调查地点、抽样方法、筛查工具、诊断标准、统计方法和社会经济文化环境的差异[9]-[11]。无论是失眠还是抑郁症,都存在着公众意识不足、专业医疗资源短缺、社会歧视以及服务体系不健全等一系列问题[10] [12]。在心理健康领域,失眠症和抑郁障碍患者的治疗率均显示出较低的服务利用率。具体来说,仅有6.2%的患者使用了睡眠相关的医疗服务[13]。在过去一个月内,35%的失眠症受试者服用过安眠药,10%的受试者服用过中药,而5%的受试者接受了其他治疗[14]。在过去12月被诊断为抑郁障碍的患者中同期仅有9.5%的患者曾经接受过卫生服务机构的治疗,而其中仅有3.6%的患者寻求专业精神卫生医生治疗,7%的患者寻求卫生保健治疗,0.3%的患者寻求人群社会服务,2.7%的患者寻求中医和其他治疗[5]

2. 失眠抑郁共病的流行病学

中国患抑郁症或抑郁症状的患病率为8.29%~27.0% [15] [16]。具体来说,我国不同省份之间成人的抑郁症患病率在0.9%至4.86%之间[9] [17]。青少年抑郁症和抑郁症状的流行率为23.0%~24.3% [18] [19]。老年人的抑郁症和抑郁症状在28.33%到44.5%之间[20] [21]。中国成人失眠症的患病率为2.7%~22.1% [10] [12]。青少年失眠症状的估计发病率从40%到60%不等[22] [23]。据估计,有7.6%~24%的老年人报告了失眠症[11] [14] [24]

失眠抑郁共病的患病率从10.6%到20.3%不等[25] [26]。研究显示,与没有抑郁症的受试者相比,抑郁症在失眠中的发病率更高[27]。基于4年的随访数据表明,与非失眠者相比,易患失眠症的人患抑郁症的风险增加了8.48倍[28]。一项在中国东北地区进行的调查研究了11,276名年龄 ≥ 35岁的受试者发现,在睡眠时间≤6、6~7、7~8、8~9和≥9小时的人群中,65岁以下人群的抑郁风险分别为10.8%、3.7%、2.6%、2.7%和5.7%,65岁及以上人群的抑郁风险分别为15.2%、5.4%、3.2%、6.5%和8.6% [29]。具体来说,较短的总睡眠时间(少于7小时)会增加抑郁症状的发生率,并且总睡眠时间较短的人在2年随访中持续或新出现抑郁症状的发生率仍然较高[30]。在重度抑郁症(MDD)的青少年患者中发现具有临床意义的失眠发生率为78.1% [31]。此外,我们发现,睡眠障碍的发生率与抑郁风险的五倍相关[32]。研究结果显示,抑郁症状直接影响失眠,直接效应占总效应的92.4% [33]。荟萃分析发现,25~44岁的患者中失眠和抑郁的发病率较高,这可能是因为在当前的经济环境下,这些患者(特别是生活在一线和二线城市的患者)承受着更大的工作心理压力,并且这种压力对许多人来说是持续存在的[34]。一项对中国成年人的抽样调查显示,满族人睡眠质量差和抑郁的发生率(分别为20.74%和22.65%)明显低于汉族人(分别为29.57%和26.25%)。满族人的文化背景和生活方式往往不同于汉族多数群体,这可能与抑郁和睡眠质量差的风险较高有关[35]。现有数据表明,对于中国儿童和青少年以及少数民族成员来说,精神健康问题可能与汉族成人报告的问题一样严重和普遍[36]

除了研究方法和对疾病的认识之间存在差异,不同国家和地区间的经济文化和社会环境等因素也会不同程度地影响失眠症和抑郁症的流行病学,因此我们应该充分考虑研究之间的异质性,慎重对不同研究进行直接比较[26] [35]

3. 失眠抑郁共病的风险因素

目前多项研究显示,抑郁症和失眠症均包括的独立社会人口统计学相关因素可能是年龄和性别[9] [37]。年龄对失眠和抑郁的影响不一。有研究发现失眠症的发生率随年龄增长而增加[10] [12],较大的年龄也与更高的MDD风险相关[9],但并非所有研究都呈现这种结果[32] [37]。年龄对睡眠产生影响的原因可能是生物、心理和社会等多因素共同作用的结果[10]。老年人由于生理功能下降、疾病、环境变化、孤独和社会支持不足,更易出现睡眠障碍和抑郁症,这两者相互作用,形成恶性循环,影响生活质量[29]。而青春期前后失眠和抑郁发生率的差异可能源于遗传率的不同、睡眠结构改变、激素水平改变、面临巨大学业和人际压力以及行为和环境影响[18] [38]。相类似地,关于性别的差异,研究结果同样不一致。多数研究[37] [39]指出,女性的失眠症和抑郁症发生率高于男性,但并不是所有的研究都得出这一结果[23] [38]。这可能是由于两性不同的生物和心理社会因素[17],也可能是由于这些研究评估量表、抽样方法和样本特征的不同,如年龄范围、文化背景和可能的种族差异[23] [26]。此外,在中国,独居者更容易患抑郁症和失眠症[5]。独居的人来自配偶的经济支持减弱,无法与他人分享内心的感受,压力水平较高以及缺少与健康相关的行为等因素都可能增加他们患抑郁症和失眠症的可能[19] [24]。我们研究还发现,人口、家庭、生活方式、社会因素、睡眠时间、药物的使用以及健康状况都会影响睡眠障碍和抑郁症状[35]。特别是,抑郁和失眠的共病状态与和家人同住有正相关,而与财务状况尚可以及当前的饮酒行为有负相关[26]。总的来说,身体、心理和社会因素都会导致抑郁和失眠合并症[40]

纵向分析显示,抑郁症可预测失眠的发生率;反过来,随着时间的推移,失眠可预测抑郁症的发生率[41]。抑郁是导致睡眠障碍的一个危险因素[37],同时患有精神疾病的受试者更有可能再次失眠[14]。随着合并精神障碍数量的增加,失眠的患病率越来越高,同时失眠患者的精神障碍发生率也异常之高,其中重度抑郁发作是最常与失眠同时发生的精神疾病[42]。相应地,荟萃分析也发现,失眠是各年龄阶段抑郁症的独立风险因素[28] [43],即睡眠障碍的增加与精神障碍有明显的关联[10]。一项基于人群的大型研究显示,睡眠时间与抑郁之间呈U型关系,所有类型的睡眠障碍(入睡和维持睡眠困难、清晨觉醒、白天功能障碍、任何睡眠障碍)与抑郁之间均存在显著关联[29]。但部分研究只发现睡眠时间短与抑郁之间存在显著关联[44]。大量研究表明,睡眠对生理和心理健康都有重要影响[18]。失眠可能会影响睡眠质量和数量,从而降低患者对紧张工作环境的承受能力,进而危及心理健康[45]。夜间睡眠质量差导致的白天身体疲劳或精神疲劳可能会扰乱昼夜节律或引起激素变化[20]。我们在伴有失眠的重度抑郁障碍患者中发现,他们的日间功能受损,表现出“缺乏完成工作的热情”,这与抑郁症的核心症状直接相关[46]。多种生物、社会和心理因素可能与精神障碍和睡眠障碍有关,而精神障碍本身也可能导致睡眠障碍,反之亦然[10]。从理论上讲,这表明抑郁症和失眠之间的关联不仅仅是因果关系,而是一种复杂的双向关系[47]

4. 失眠抑郁共病的机制

中医将人的生命视为一个整体的、动态的、精神的和功能的统一体,疾病由内外病理因素引起,影响气、血、精和体液等物质基础,导致脏腑功能失衡和阴阳不调,从而产生各种症状[48] [49]。中医根据抑郁症的临床表现,将其归为情志病中的“郁病”范畴[50] [51]。中医称失眠为“不寐”“不眠”“不瞑”[52]。中医中并没有“失眠抑郁共病”这一病名,但它可以对应古代的“脏躁”“百合病”“卑惵”和“不寐”等疾病[48]。中医认为,失眠的病因多种多样,包括肝胆火旺、肾虚、脾胃不和、心火旺盛[53]。精神障碍的病因为七情(喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊)失调引起的内伤,即当七情中的一种过度时,可能会导致相关的脏腑功能失调,从而导致精神失常[54]。中医认为,失眠[52] [55]和抑郁[56] [57]的病理变化均可归结为阴阳失衡、脏腑失调。

在中医中,“脑”被认为是“元神之府”,是人体生命活动和精神的主宰,对应现代医学中的“脑”,且与心、肾、督脉等脏腑经络密切相关[39] [58]。中医基础理论中的“心”一方面,指的是精神意识,包括记忆、感知和思维,另一方面,涵盖了现代医学意义上心脏的功能[39] [59]。心脑轴理论的发展和心脑功能相互作用的研究表明可能存在一个双重的“心–脑”中心框架[39] [59]。中医理论认为,抑郁症的病位在脑[58],并且“脑不安”会导致中医所说的“阴虚阳亢”状态,影响人的精神活动和神经系统,从而引起失眠[39]。五藏(心、肝、肾、脾、肺)通过各种理论(包括五行学说、经络学说、藏府学说等)所描述的相互依存关系联系在一起,五藏失和会引起失眠抑郁共病,特定的体征和症状反映了不同的证型[59]。例如“胆胃不和,胆郁痰扰”证,即胃的生理功能异常,不能正常代谢水液,水停聚成病理性的痰,阻塞胆气,使胆气不能正常上升,胆气的郁结影响心神,导致失眠和抑郁症状[48]

失眠抑郁共病是生物、心理和社会因素共同作用的结果,人们提出各种机制来解释这一共病现象,包括炎症因子假说、遗传相关性假说、神经生物学机制假说(神经递质系统、神经内分泌系统和神经免疫机制)、心理社会因素假说等[26] [37]

合并抑郁症的失眠症中存在由抗炎细胞因子水平降低和促炎细胞因子水平升高引起的失衡,原因可能是ATP激活了丝氨酸激酶的炎症反应[60]。失眠或睡眠不足可能通过增强细胞因子情绪敏感性、激活交感神经系统和β肾上腺素能信号传导,触发NF-κB介导的炎症程序,导致IL-6和TNF等炎性细胞因子的增加,这些因子与抑郁症的发生密切相关,并可进一步影响睡眠[47] [61]。此外,小胶质细胞可能通过NLRP3炎性体激活和胶质细胞–神经元串联诱导炎性细胞因子的产生和释放以及神经炎症在抑郁症、失眠症及其并发症的发病机制中起着关键作用[61]

从心理学角度看,长期失眠不仅削弱个体应对日常挑战的能力,增加不利生活事件的风险,还可能通过激活习得性无助感,导致情绪低落,进而与抑郁症的发展相关联[62]。睡眠不足可能导致认知和情绪调节受损,进而增加抑郁风险,并可能通过改变神经过程影响情绪稳定性,从而引发抑郁症状[63]。失眠症患者在睡前期间经常遭受令人不快的侵入性想法以及过度和无法控制的担忧[64],同时具有过度侵入性思维(即过度反刍)的人往往会持续和反复地关注负面情绪[33]

与慢性失眠症–低抑郁患者相比,慢性失眠症–高抑郁患者在内部奖赏网络、默认模式网络、显著性网络(SN)和感觉运动网络中表现出核团功能连接的减少,而在执行控制网络(ECN)和VN中表现出核团功能连接的增加[65]。我们发现,重度抑郁障碍和失眠症合并组的左右眶额叶皮层之间、右侧内侧额上回以及左丘脑和左颞极之间的连通性改变[66]。失眠和抑郁的共病状态与眶额皮质体积的显著减少相关,这可能反映出患者唤醒系统控制机制的异常以及情绪调节和奖赏处理功能的障碍[67]。此外,失眠和抑郁之间的关联可能取决于右海马–左额下回的连通性[68]。有项研究发现,失眠症患者不同脑区(奖赏网络、显著性网络、默认模式网络、执行控制网络)之间的异常交互作用可能导致情绪失调,进而引发抑郁症[65]。此外,我们发现在慢性失眠症患者中,NAc和楔前核之间的功能连接下降与失眠严重程度有关,而NAc和OFC之间的功能连接下降与抑郁严重程度有关[69]。视交叉上核和楔前核之间功能连接的下降可能强调了抑郁症患者睡眠相关症状的神经机制,并可能与GABA水平的变化有关[70]。MDD患者伴有失眠症时可能出现前部和后部海马旁/海马回以及显著性网络(右侧额叶下回/岛叶前部)异常[71] [72]。突触可塑性,包括突触发生缺陷、突触缺失、突触密度和连通性降低,已被证明与抑郁症和失眠的发病机制有关[61]。比如,小胶质细胞介导的突触可塑性重塑,尤其是突触修剪,也参与了失眠抑郁共病这一过程[61]

单胺类神经递质(如血清素、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素)的异常可能会导致抑郁和失眠[61] [73]。我们的研究结果表明,伴有失眠的重度抑郁障碍患者的快速眼动睡眠增加[46],可能是由于单胺能神经元的异常和胆碱能神经元的张力增加导致快速眼动睡眠调节紊乱,并且单胺类神经递质(如5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素)的减少与抑郁症的表现有关[47]。特别是血清素(5-羟色胺或5-HT),作为最重要的神经递质之一,被广泛认为是失眠和抑郁的有效调节剂[74]。此外,研究发现,抑郁性失眠合并症的病理生理学是由松果体褪黑激素分泌受损和海马突触可塑性受损介导的[40]。具体来说,大脑中内源性一氧化氮的产生和垂体中促性腺激素的分泌可能是重度抑郁障碍和失眠症的生理关联因素[75]

目前,我们只知道失眠和抑郁在一定程度上与遗传有关,失眠和抑郁的基因在一定程度上可能相互影响[47]。跨性状荟萃分析确定了重度抑郁障碍和失眠之间共有的89个基因组位点[75]。失眠、睡眠不足或睡眠质量差可能会通过遗传途径(包括昼夜节律时钟基因和血清素系统的多态性)影响精神障碍的发展[76]。例如,TPH-2基因多态性rs4290270可能是原发性失眠症患者抑郁症状的标记物[74]。此外,我们也发现,抑郁症对失眠的积极预测作用可能是由于它们共同的遗传成分[77]

下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺(HPA)轴的持续觉醒和慢性激活在客观睡眠时间短的失眠患者的抑郁发展中起着至关重要的作用[63]。研究发现,失眠和抑郁都与HPA轴亢进和皮质醇分泌过多有关[28]。失眠和抑郁症患者中皮质醇觉醒反应的增加可能表明这一生理反应的增强是两种疾病共病的共同病理途径[38]

5. 具有中国特色的共病治疗

目前,治疗失眠症和抑郁症的常见方法包括药物治疗和心理治疗[78] [79]。运用抗抑郁药和镇静催眠药时,并非对所有失眠抑郁共病患者都有效,而且会产生耐受性、成瘾性和神经毒性等副作用,同时许多抗抑郁药物(例如SNRIs、单胺氧化酶抑制剂和SSRI)可能会加重失眠或导致白天嗜睡,而高剂量催眠药治疗失眠与抑郁结果的恶化密切相关[47] [80]。无独有偶,由于文化差异、费用高昂、患者时间限制以及缺乏训练有素的精神/心理治疗师等原因,很大一部分患者,尤其是发展中国家的患者往往无法获得失眠认知行为疗法[47] [80]。在这种情况下,越来越多的失眠抑郁共病患者寻求补充和替代医学(CAM)进行治疗[80],特别是中医治疗方法中独具代表性的中草药和针灸。此外,多项研究为针灸[81] [82]和中草药[51] [81]治疗失眠症和抑郁症的安全性和有效性提供了充分的客观和主观证据。除中国外,美国、荷兰、英国、澳大利亚、日本和韩国等多个国家和地区也使用CAM来治疗抑郁情绪和失眠障碍[57] [79]。中医在以“人”为核心的整体观指导下,根据患者的失眠症和抑郁症中医证型,运用针灸、中草药和方剂治疗进行治疗时,遵循“辨证论治”(体征和症状反映的整体生理状态)的原则,以恢复人体阴阳平衡[49] [52]

中医认为,人体通过2000多个穴位和经络系统调节气血,影响精神情绪和身体平衡,针灸通过刺激穴位达到“得气”效果,以平衡阴阳、维持能量流动、调节脏腑功能,促进自愈,恢复身心健康[55] [58] [83]。根据传统中医理论,百会穴(GV20)是六条阳经和足厥阴肝经的汇聚点,位于头顶阴阳交会的最高点,主一身之阳气,是宁心安神的要穴。印堂穴(GV29)是足厥阴肝经与督脉的交会穴,具有安神定志、通络阴阳的作用,可促进头部气血循环,恢复大脑功能[53] [84]。GV20和GV29均在督脉上,督脉上行入脑[58],主一身之阳经,有助于调节体内阴阳平衡,可以镇静神经,放松患者,并缓解其抑郁症状[82]

针灸是多层次和多靶点发挥作用的,通过相互连接的通道网络控制信息交换,可引起与失眠抑郁共病有关的脑区(海马、杏仁核、小脑、下丘脑和其他边缘结构)的中枢神经系统反应,并通过调节性激素、神经递质、脑源性神经营养因子、炎症细胞因子、下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴/下丘脑–垂体–卵巢轴、肠道微生物群、氧化应激、信号通路和其他细胞事件等多种机制调节情绪和睡眠[80] [83]。针灸通过调节大脑区域活动和功能连接,尤其是情绪、认知相关区域的活动和功能连接,发挥调节情绪和催眠作用[85]。例如,电针刺激GV20可以调节默认模式网络,从而对治疗合并抑郁症和失眠症发挥积极作用[86]。针灸可通过调节Toll样受体信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路和活化B细胞的NF-κB信号通路降低中枢和外周炎症因子(NF-α、IL-6和IL-1β)来缓解失眠和抑郁[39] [58] [87]。此外,针刺可通过多靶点、多环节和多途径的方式(例如,减少TLR4、TNF-α、IL-1β)等炎症因子,降低OS反应和NLRP3炎性体各组分(NLRP3、ASC、pro caspase-1)的表达水平调控NLRP3炎性体活化从而缓解炎症反应[88]。针灸刺激传入的III组神经纤维,将冲动传递到中枢神经系统的各个部分,诱导下丘脑释放血清素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、内啡肽、糖皮质激素等神经递质,从而对神经内分泌和免疫系统产生影响[57]。动物和临床试验显示,针刺HT7 (神门)和SP6 (三阴交)均能增加GABA含量[89]。此外,针灸还可能通过诱导神经肽Y (NPY)表达上调和P物质(SP)表达下调来改善失眠抑郁共病患者的情绪和睡眠[90]。针灸可通过升高环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)水平,从而增加大脑某些区域(如海马和下丘脑)的神经突触可塑性来发挥抗抑郁和抗失眠作用[87] [91]。此外,针灸可通过调节HPA轴功能正常化、降低血浆皮质酮水平以及调节特定基因的表达(例如AMPAR基因及蛋白的表达、腺苷酸环化酶环磷酸腺苷–蛋白激酶A级联)来改善失眠症和抑郁症[39] [58]

治疗失眠症和抑郁症的中草药通过调节内分泌、神经免疫、神经递质(5-HT、NE和DA)和受体(血清素受体)、神经营养素、神经元通信、下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴、炎症因子、自噬以及肠道微生物群等途径发挥作用[50] [92]。人参在传统中医中被用于改善情绪和保持健康,从其中分离出的化合物20(S)-protopanaxadiol可提供NE和5-HT的水平[93]。此外,人参总皂苷和人参皂苷Rc被证明可降低血浆皮质酮浓度[93],也可以改善睡眠障碍模型大鼠的认知能力和运动能力[52]。人参和石菖蒲能改善睡眠不足大鼠的学习和记忆能力,其机制可能与大鼠脑内乙酰胆碱和GABA等神经递质的增加有关[52]。此外,菖蒲的挥发油可能通过调节单胺类神经递质及其受体的异常表达,调节HPA轴的异常紊乱,改善海马神经元和相关信号通路的可塑性,降低炎症因子的水平,发挥抗抑郁作用[94]。远志可用于镇静安神、驱散负能量、缓解情绪低落、抑郁和失眠,同时有可能发挥抗精神病、抗氧化和抗炎作用[34]。柴胡可用于治疗心身疾病,其作用可能通过上调CREB和BDNF来调节,也可通过TrkB受体刺激PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β信号通路,同时它的水提取物对5-HT1A和多巴胺D2受体有亲和力[93]。此外,柴胡中的山柰酚能抑制单胺氧化酶的活性,阻止单胺神经递质(即去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺和多巴胺)的降解,增加突触间隙中胺物质的含量,从而发挥抗抑郁和治疗失眠的作用[95]。当归和柴胡,被证明作用于几种中枢神经递质的受体结合位点,包括GABAA和多巴胺受体[96]。当归中的主要多酚成分阿魏酸可以调节抑郁样行为小鼠的血清素能和去甲肾上腺素能功能[56],也能促进Bcl-2基因的表达,抑制Bax基因的表达,从而抑制失眠大鼠海马神经元的凋亡[52]。白芍中的芍药苷和姜黄中的姜黄素可能通过调节单胺神经递质系统和炎症反应来发挥抗抑郁和抗失眠作用[95] [97]。酸枣仁及其主要活性化合物(酸枣苷A、swertisin和spinosin在内的黄酮类)可改善睡眠质量、延长睡眠时间并显著增加非快速眼动睡眠[93],例如酸枣苷可能通过选择性地与GABA (A)受体结合以及调节昼夜节律和血清素系统来发挥催眠活性[34] [93]。此外,酸枣皂苷元和酸枣仁总皂苷也能通过调节GABA水平改善失眠症[52] [98]。在中医中,通过多种草药的组合来发挥其药用效果称为配方,中药配方中含有的多种草药被认为在失眠症和抑郁症的全身治疗中同时作用于多种病理生理因素[99]。逍遥散具有疏肝健脾、养血调经、气血双补、治疗肝脏炎症等多种功效,可能通过调节单胺类神经递质系统(血清素和5-HIAA)、神经内分泌系统(HPA轴)、神经可塑性(BDNF)、氧化应激来发挥抗抑郁和镇静作用[51] [93] [95]。温胆汤可用于失眠抑郁共病患者的“胆胃不和,胆郁痰扰”证,其主要活性成分,如半夏生物碱、β-谷甾醇、竹茹多糖、枳实总黄酮、麻黄碱、陈皮总黄酮、姜辣素、甘草总黄酮等,通过调节神经递质(如5-HT)、抗氧化应激、保护神经(提高BDNF水平)、减缓炎症水平等机制,发挥抗抑郁和抗失眠的作用[48]。此外,温胆汤也能通过防止胃泌素水平下降和增加胃泌素受体(与情绪障碍有关的脑肠肽之一)的microRNA表达以及调节GABA能系统改善失眠和抑郁[98]

虽然针灸和中草药具有多靶点、多功效、成本低、低毒副作用、并发症相对较少、耐受性更好、安全性更高和协同作用强的特点[48] [58] [80]。针灸并非对所有类型的抑郁症都有效,而对某些抑郁症可能更有效或更合适[87]。此外,有研究表明,不建议患有MDD的失眠患者只采用针灸治疗[55]。值得注意的是,中草药和方剂的强有力、多中心和大样本证据也存在缺乏现象[51] [81]。因此,中西医结合治疗抑郁症和失眠症可实现优势互补从而发挥更好的疗效。多项研究[39] [47] [51] [58] [73] [81] [87]显示,中西医结合治疗能协同增效,缩短抗抑郁药/镇静催眠药起效时间,提高用药依从性,减少不良反应,改善生活质量,减少复发复燃风险,降低复发率、致残率和病死率,提高临床治愈率及安全性。

基金项目

本研究由国家级大学生创新创业训练计划平台基金项目(202210541016)和湖南省大学生创新创业训练计划平台基金项目资助。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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