农业领域基因利用限制技术使用的权利冲突研究

Research on the Conflict of Rights in the Use of Genetic Use Restriction Technologies in Agriculture

摘要: 基因利用限制技术(GURTs)是一种极端的知识产权保护方式。即使其引发的争议不断，跨国种业公司也依旧致力于该技术的研发和使用推广。基因利用限制技术带来的权利冲突主要有品种权人知识产权与农民留种权的冲突、个人知识产权与公共权利的冲突、发达国家知识产权与发展中国家发展权的冲突。通过分析这三对冲突，可以试想我国现有法律体系下权利冲突的消解路径，包括将使用GURTs的育种创新成果作为特殊知识产权保护、确保相关基因库的可得性、对留种权的受损进行补偿、保持农民多样化选择、加强市场监管防止垄断，以及加强生态安全监管。通过这些措施，以期平衡利益相关方的权利，维护公共领域，并促进我国农业的可持续发展。

Abstract: Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs) is an extreme form of intellectual property protection. Despite the controversy, multinational seed companies are committed to developing the technology and promoting its use. The conflicts of rights brought by GURTs mainly include the conflicts of intellectual property rights of variety owners and farmers’ seed retention rights, the conflicts of individual intellectual property rights and public rights, and the conflicts of intellectual property rights of developed countries and development rights of developing countries. By analyzing these three pairs of conflicts, we can imagine the resolution path of rights conflicts under China’s existing legal system, including using the breeding innovation results of GURTs as special intellectual property protection, ensuring the availability of relevant gene banks, compensating for the loss of seed retention rights, maintaining farmers’ diversified choices, strengthening market supervision to prevent monopoly, and strengthening ecological safety supervision. These measures are aimed at balancing the rights of stakeholders, safeguarding the public sphere and promoting the sustainable development of our agriculture.