一例肛门腺腺癌的个案报道并文献回顾
Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Glands: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14102713, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 石光浩:西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西 西安;常伟平*:西安医学院第一附属医院胃肠肛肠外科,陕西 西安
关键词: 肛门腺腺癌结直肠癌个案报道Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Glands Colorectal Cancer Case Report
摘要: 迄今为止,文献仅包含少数肛门腺腺癌病例的报道。肛门腺腺癌是结直肠癌的一种罕见亚型,由于在足够患者群体的情况下进行大规模研究的挑战,因此对其管理的共识变得复杂。本报告详细介绍了一例罕见的肛门腺腺癌病例,该病例在术中探查期间偶然发现。该病例涉及一名46岁女性,因肛周疼痛到门诊部就诊。体格检查显示阴道旁肿块约1厘米。影像学检查显示存在直肠阴道瘘。对病变进行手术切除。手术后患者出院情况良好。病理检查显示肛门腺腺癌。术后进行了化疗,患者仍然存活,没有复发的证据。因其无特异性临床表现,故时常发生漏诊、误诊,甚至有时伴随其他疾病的诊疗过程中检出。本文就一例肛门腺腺癌的病例做相关报道并针对性进行文献综述。
Abstract: To date, the literature contains reports of only a few cases of adenocarcinoma of the anal glands. Adenocarcinoma of the anal glands represents a rare subtype of colorectal cancer, complicating the consensus on its management due to the challenge of conducting large-scale studies with an adequate patient population. This report details a rare case of adenocarcinoma of the anal glands, fortuitously identified during intraoperative exploration. This case involves a 46-year-old female who presented to the outpatient department with perianal pain. Physical examination revealed a paravaginal mass measuring approximately 1 centimeter. Imaging studies demonstrated the presence of a rectovaginal fistula. Surgical resection of the lesion was performed. Following surgery, the patient was discharged in good condition. Pathological examination revealed adenocarcinoma of the anal glands. Postoperative chemotherapy was administered, and the patient remains alive and well without evidence of relapse. Owing to its non-specific clinical manifestations, it often leads to missed or incorrect diagnoses, and sometimes may be detected during the diagnosis and treatment of other diseases. This article reports on a case of anal gland adenocarcinoma and conducts a targeted literature review.
文章引用:石光浩, 常伟平. 一例肛门腺腺癌的个案报道并文献回顾[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(10): 680-685. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14102713

1. 引言

肛门腺腺癌(Adenocarcinoma of the anal glands)是结直肠癌中一种罕见的肿瘤亚型,在肛肠恶性肿瘤中所占比例不到5%。由于在足够的队列中进行大规模研究的不可行性,使得其管理难以达成共识[1]。文献报道表明,这种癌症的发病年龄范围很广,主要在60至70岁之间,女性患病率更高[2] [3]。因其无特异性临床表现,故时常发生漏诊、误诊,甚至有时伴随其他疾病的诊疗过程中检出[4]。本文回顾性分析了我院一例肛门腺腺癌的患者资料,做相关报道并针对性行文献综述,以期提高临床对该病的重视,为其临床诊治提供思路。

2. 病历资料

女性患者,46岁,肛周疼痛、肿胀3个月,于2023年2月到西安医学院第一附属医院就诊。专科检查发现阴道口附近有1厘米可触及的硬肿块,肛窦处有0.5厘米的硬结节。影像学检查显示存在肛周脓肿和直肠阴道瘘(图1图2),引起肿瘤病变的怀疑。实验室检查未发现明显异常。患者的病情表明肛门

Figure 1. Electronic colonoscopy image

1. 电子结肠镜他图像

和直肠阴道瘘管复杂,需要手术干预和随后的病理检查以确认肛门腺腺癌。患者在脊髓麻醉下接受手术治疗,诊断为复杂的肛门和直肠阴道瘘,并伴有肛门周围肿块。手术过程包括高位结扎瘘管、脓肿刮除和病变组织活检。术中发现并活检了一个与耻骨直肠肌相连的深部肿块(见图3)。病理检查发现齿状线粘膜处3.5 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm腺癌,浸润纤维脂肪组织,血管和神经浸润,未见转移扩散到直肠周围淋巴结(图4图5)。

Figure 2. Pelvic MRI

2. 盆腔MRI

Figure 3. First pathological specimens image

3. 首次病理大标本

Figure 4. First pathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis (HE 20×)

4. 首次病理检查及免疫组织化学分析(HE 20×)

二次病理检查显示纤维平滑肌内非典型细胞浸润,提示高度恶性上皮肿瘤。免疫组化分析显示MLH1、MSH2、MSH6、PMS2阳性,Her-2 (0)阳性,Ki-67表达显著,P53无突变等标志物。免疫组织化学染色证实了诊断,显示Ki-67高表达,CK5/6和CgA阴性(图5图6)。AJCC pTNM分期确定为pT2N2Mx。

Figure 5. Second pathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis (HE 4×)

5. 二次病理检查及免疫组织化学分析(HE 4×)

Figure 6. Second pathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis (HE 200×)

6. 二次病理检查及免疫组织化学分析(HE 200×)

3. 讨论

肛门腺腺癌是结直肠癌中一种肿瘤亚型,十分少见,在恶性的肛肠肿瘤中占比不超过5%。因其较低的发病率,使得没有大样本量的队列研究,从而其管理难以达成共识[1]。文献报道表明,这种癌症的发病年龄范围很广,主要在60至70岁之间,女性患病率更高[2] [3]。世界卫生组织将侵袭性肿瘤分为四大类:上皮性肿瘤(鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、粘液腺癌、小细胞癌、未分化癌)、非上皮性肿瘤(平滑肌瘤、胃肠道间质瘤、纤维瘤)、类癌肿瘤和黑色素瘤。肛门癌有多种表现形式。最常见的肛门癌是鳞状细胞癌(SCC),约占所有肛管癌的90%。其余10%的肛门癌包括肛门腺癌、基底细胞癌、黑色素瘤和其他非表皮样癌,如小细胞癌和未分化癌,以及淋巴瘤[5]。肛腺腺癌被认为是仅次于鳞状细胞癌的第二常见的肛管恶性肿瘤,但被认为更具侵袭性[4]。Wong等人的研究表明,肛门腺腺癌患者预后较差,其5年生存率为62.1%,5年无病生存率为51.7%,这两项指标均低于鳞状细胞癌患者[6]

肛门腺腺癌的病因仍然难以捉摸,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染被确定为主要危险因素。此外还与一系列因素有关,包括久坐、缺乏运动、长期高脂低纤维饮食、吸烟、焦虑抑郁和遗传易感性等[7] [8]。Dong Liang等研究表明p53和Ki-67在结直肠癌中的表达水平呈正相关。此外,HER-2蛋白和Ki-67抗原在结直肠癌中的表达水平与改良的Duke分期系统有关,并可能指示生存率,高表达水平与低生存率相关[9]。因此,联合评估p53、HER-2和Ki-67的表达水平有利于评估结直肠癌患者的恶性程度和预后,为今后的治疗策略提供科学依据。

肛门癌临床表现多样,缺乏特异性。直肠出血是最常见的初始症状,发生在45%的患者中。肛门括约肌上方肿块性病变出血常被误认为是痔疮。30%的患者报告疼痛或直肠肿块感,而20%的患者没有直肠症状[10]。症状包括粪便中有新鲜血液和肛门瘙痒,通常间歇性地表现出来,可能无法提醒患者。70%到80%的肛门癌最初被误诊为良性。因此,大多数患者病情进展,60%~70%的患者肿瘤最大直径可达4 cm或更大[11]。然而,疾病的发展并不是没有痕迹的;如排便疼痛、肛门分泌物或排便习惯改变等症状提示病变较大;尿失禁和直肠阴道瘘常见于晚期病例[12]。肛管癌典型表现为侵袭性溃疡,边缘轻微升高和硬化,肛门或阴道后部可能有肿块。肛口和直肠远端受累是常见的;15%~20%的患者肿瘤延伸至邻近器官,如阴道、前列腺或坐骨直肠窝,此时肿瘤可表现为肛周脓肿或瘘管[13]。目前肛管癌病理分期遵循UICC 2022 TNM分期标准。

相对于更常见的肛门鳞状细胞癌,肛门腺癌是一种相对罕见的肿瘤类型。由于其罕见性和缺乏数据,迄今为止对其治疗和管理普遍缺乏共识。目前大多数关于肛门腺癌的研究包括较小的回顾性研究和病例报告或病例系列报告。由于不同研究中发现的人群存在异质性,部分研究对比结果不一致,肛腺腺癌的治疗可采用内科和外科相结合的治疗方法,目前尚未确定最有效的治疗方法。肛门腺腺癌通常采用直肠腺癌的治疗方法,通常采用新辅助放化疗后手术切除(局部或根治性) [14]-[17]。根据Peiffert等人的研究[18],单独使用CRT也可以提供类似的生存结果。Lukovic等人[19]描述的三模式治疗(即化疗、放疗和手术切除)已被证明可以获得更好的生存结果。我们仍然认为早期诊断是改善预后最重要的保证[20]。本例患者表现为肛周疼痛,排便时加重,伴直肠阴道瘘,否认有危险性行为史,否认有相关家族遗传病,术前胃肠道肿瘤标志物未见异常,术后免疫组化示P53 (−)、Her-2 (0)、Ki-67 (+),提示恶性程度较低,预后较好。因此选择手术根除治疗,术后化疗,疗效较好。

综上所述,临床上肛门腺癌比较少见,其诊断和随访传统上基于临床评估。临床医生在诊断肛门疾病时必须进行直肠指检,可疑病例应及时活检。虽然CT和MRI对肛门腺癌没有太大的特异性,但它们提供的重要诊断信息,结合肿瘤标志物等实验室指标,可以帮助诊断该疾病。在治疗方面,根据目前的证据,建议采用Lukovic等[19]所描述的三模式治疗方法,但所有研究都有其局限性。因此,本文鼓励更多的研究以确保肛门腺腺癌的治疗方法得到优化和规范。此外,对这类肿瘤遗传学的更多探索可能为新的治疗策略打开大门。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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