儿童腮腺结节性筋膜炎1例并文献回顾
A Case of Parotid Nodular Fasciitis in Children and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14102738, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 屈豆豆:延安大学研究生院,陕西 延安;李文生*:陕西省人民医院病理科,陕西 西安
关键词: 结节性筋膜炎腮腺儿童 Nodular Fasciitis Parotid Gland Children
摘要: 腮腺结节性筋膜炎少见,本文报道1例儿童腮腺内结节性筋膜炎。患者,男,10岁,1月余前无意间发现左耳后包块入院。镜下形态示:肿瘤细胞丰富,细胞呈梭形,胞浆中等,弱嗜酸性,细胞核大。间质内见外渗的红细胞和散在的淋巴细胞浸润。免疫组化染色结果:Vim、SMA、β-Catenin均为阳性,Ki67指数约30%,Desmin、EMA、S-100、SOX-10、CD34、STAT6、ALK均为阴性。基因检测结果:USP6 (17p13)基因重排,FISH阳性。病理诊断:结合免疫组化及FISH检测结果,符合结节性筋膜炎。腮腺结节性筋膜炎少见,因其细胞增生活跃,容易被误诊为肉瘤样病变,应该注意鉴别诊断,避免误诊。
Abstract: Nodular fasciitis in the parotid gland is rare. This article reports a child with intraparotid nodular fasciitis. A 10-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to an accidental mass found behind the left ear more than 1 month ago. Under the microscope:the tumor cells are abundant, spindle shaped, with moderate cytoplasm, weak eosinophilia, and large nuclei. Extravasated red cells and scattered lymphocytic infiltrates were seen in the stroma. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Vim, SMA and β-Catenin were positive, Ki67 index was about 30%, Desmin, EMA, S-100, SOX-10, CD34, STAT6 and ALK were negative. Genetic test results: USP6 (17p13) gene rearrangement, FISH positive. Pathological diagnosis: the results of immunohistochemistry and FISH were consistent with nodular fasciitis. Nodular fasciitis of the parotid gland is rare. Due to its active cell proliferation, it is easy to be misdiagnosed as sarcomatoid lesions. Attention should be paid to the differential diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis.
文章引用:屈豆豆, 李文生. 儿童腮腺结节性筋膜炎1例并文献回顾[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(10): 854-860. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14102738

1. 前言

结节性筋膜炎(Nodular fasciitis, NF)是由成纤维细胞及肌成纤维细胞组成的良性病变[1]。首次报道是在1955年,被KONWALER BE等称为皮下假肉瘤性纤维瘤病[2],在1966年被定义为结节性筋膜炎[3]。结节性筋膜炎好发于20~40岁青壮年,临床表现多为迅速增长的结节。根据其解剖定位分为三种亚型:皮下、肌肉内和筋膜内。皮下型多见,通常发生于上肢,头颈部儿童多见[4]-[6]。发生在儿童腮腺的病例罕见,本文报道1例发生于儿童腮腺的结节性筋膜炎。

2. 患者资料

2.1. 临床病史及检查

患者,男,10岁,2月前无意间发现左耳后包块,约2.0 × 1.5 cm,为求进一步诊治,于2024-03-05就诊于我院。专科查体左耳后可见大小约2.0 × 1.5 cm大小结节,质硬,边界清。B超提示(图1(a)):左侧耳前腮腺浅方显示一大小约2.0 × 2.0 × 0.9 cm超低回声结节,边界尚清,形态欠规则。颈部多层螺旋CT示(图1(b)):左侧腮腺偏前部见结节状软组织密度影,密度较均匀,界清,大小约2.0 × 1.3 cm。入院完善相关检查,切除肿物。

2.2. 病理检查

大体:送检灰褐灰黄色组织2块,体积1 × 1 × 0.5 cm。镜下形态示(图1(c)图1(d)):细胞呈梭形,胞浆中等,弱嗜酸性,细胞核大。间质内见外渗的红细胞和散在的淋巴细胞浸润。免疫组化:Vim、SMA (图2(a))、β-Catenin均为阳性,Ki67指数约30% (图2(c)),Desmin (图2(b))、EMA、S-100、SOX-10、CD34、STAT6、ALK均为阴性。基因检测结果(图2(d)):USP6 (17p13)基因重排,FISH状态阳性。

2.3. 病理诊断

(左侧腮腺)梭形细胞肿瘤,结合免疫组化及FISH检测结果,符合结节性筋膜炎。

随访:术后3个月随访,患者自诉伤口处留疤,其余未感觉明显异常。

3. 讨论

结节性筋膜炎(Nodular fasciitis, NF)是一种自限性间质病变,由于局部损伤或者炎症发作引起的,

(a) 超声示左侧耳前腮腺浅方显示一大小约2.0 × 2.0 × 0.9 cm低回声结节,边界尚清,形态欠规则;(b) 颈部CT示左侧腮腺偏前部见结节状软组织密度影,密度较均匀,界清,大小约2.0 × 1.3 cm;(c) 肿瘤细胞梭形,束状排列,胞浆中等,弱嗜酸性。间质内见外渗的红细胞和散在的淋巴细胞浸润(HE 200×);(d) 间质内见红细胞外渗(HE 400×)。

Figure 1. Parotid gland mass in a 10-year-old child

1. 1名10岁儿童腮腺包块

(a) 梭形细胞SMA染色阳性(EnVision 200×);(b) 梭形细胞Desmin染色阴性(EnVision 200×);(c) 肿瘤Ki67增殖指数约30% (EnVision 200×);(d) 显示FastProbe USP6 (17p13)基因断裂双色探针。(橘红色(R)信号标记USP6基因3’端,绿色(G)信号标记USP6基因5’端,正常信号模式为2F,即红绿融合的2个黄色信号)

Figure 2. Nodular fasciitis of the parotid gland

2. 腮腺结节性筋膜炎

临床比较常见,大多数于诊断后可以自行消退[7] [8]。考虑到病变的自限性,NF可能代表了一种“短暂性肿瘤”的模型[9]。在临床诊断过程中,如果肿块体积过大(直径 > 4 cm),结节多发或病史较长(>3个月),我们一般不考虑NF [10]。组织学上,NF是由丰富、均匀的成纤维细胞及肌成纤维细胞组成,呈组织培养样的结构,根据镜下表现分为三种亚型:黏液瘤型、肉芽肿型及纤维瘤型[11]。由于其生长快速、形态多样、高的有丝分裂活性,NF经常容易被误诊为软组织肉瘤。免疫组化:NF表达波形蛋白(Vim)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、肌特异性肌动蛋白(MSA)。有研究表明,NF属于UAN,即USP6 (泛素特异性蛋白酶6)相关肿瘤[12]。几乎所有的NF病例均有USP6基因重排,大多数为MYH9:USP6基因融合(即将USP6的编码区融合到MYH9的启动子区),也有少数报道USP6与其它伴侣基因融合,从而驱动USP6表达增加[9] [13]-[16]

本例镜下未见正常腮腺结构,未显示边界,肿物主要为梭形细胞,细胞丰富、胞浆嗜酸,间质内有少量淋巴细胞浸润,局部黏液变性、可见红细胞渗出。以梭形细胞为主,部分区域显示间质黏液变性及红细胞渗出。我们以形态为出发点,考虑了NF及其它梭形细胞肿瘤,并进行了免疫组化染色协助诊断。免疫组化显示Vim、SMA阳性、β-Catenin胞浆阳性,符合肌纤维母细胞的特征。因此,在诊断过程中,最重要的是与其它梭形细胞肿瘤进行鉴别,鉴别诊断包括:1. 多形性腺瘤:最常见的腮腺肿瘤,肿瘤由上皮细胞(两种上皮:腺上皮、肌上皮)及黏液或软骨样间质构成。免疫组化:上皮细胞CK阳性,肌上皮细胞SMA、GFAP、S-100不同程度阳性。而NF为间质病变,肿物细胞为梭形肌纤维母细胞,免疫组化CK阴性。2. 神级鞘瘤,好发于头颈部和四肢屈侧,主要由梭形施万细胞组成,典型者是由Antoni A区及Antoni B区交替分布;免疫组化:S-100、PGP9.5。而NF没有这种特殊的结构(Antoni A区 + Antoni B区),也不表达神经细胞的标记。3. 神级纤维瘤是由施万细胞、成纤维细胞和神级束膜细胞混合而成。细胞呈梭形,核多呈逗点状或波浪形。免疫组化表达S-100、CD34、EMA。而NF成分单一,主要由肌纤维母细胞组成,并且不表达S-100、CD34或EMA。4. 肌上皮瘤:由片状、岛状或条索排列的肌上皮细胞构成,肿瘤细胞可呈梭形。免疫组化:CK、SMA、MSA、S-100均呈阳性;而NF免疫组化:CK、S-100阴性。5. 韧带样纤维瘤病:是由增生的纤细梭形纤维母细胞和胶原纤维组成,梭形细胞束易浸润至脂肪及横纹肌内。免疫组化:特征性β-Catenin细胞核阳性。而NF免疫组化β-Catenin细胞核阴性。6. 炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤:由梭形、多角形细胞、纤维/肌纤维母细胞及淋巴、浆细胞混合性组成。免疫组化:多数表达SMA、MSA,部分表达Desmin,特征性的ALK阳性。而NF不表达ALK。7. 孤立性纤维性肿瘤:由梭形细胞和胶原间质组成,其内可见不规则分枝状及鹿角型的扩张血管。免疫组化:梭形细胞特征性的CD34、STAT6核阳性。而NF不表达CD34、STAT6。8. 隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤:由两端细长的纤维母细胞呈一致的席纹状排列,瘤细胞均匀一致,核异型性不明显。免疫组化:CD34阳性。而NF不表达CD34。

NF常见的好发部位有四肢(尤其是前臂)、躯干及头颈部,而腮腺部位少见[4] [11] [17] [18]。通过对以往发生在腮腺的NF部分病例分析,我们总结发生在腮腺的NF的临床病理特点如下[7] [8] [19] [20] [21] [22] [27]-[39]:1. 男女之间没有明显性别差异;2. 发病年龄0.5~70岁,平均为36岁,平均年龄:男性约为32岁,女性约为40岁,男性发病年龄较女性小;3. 肿物大小1~5.2 cm,平均2 cm;4. 免疫组化为:Vim、SMA阳性,CD68也可阳性,部分病例β-Catenin胞质阳性;5. 大多数患者切除术后未见复发,少数术后复发,但预后良好;6. 腮腺区域结节性筋膜炎病例均未进行相关的USP6基因重排检测。

当临床诊断不明确且有恶性肿瘤可能时,应行手术切除以确认组织病理诊断。通过手术切除的NF很少复发,但是也存在切除后复发的病例。相比于其它部位NF切除术后复发率1%~2% [20],发生于腮腺的NF切除后复发率为6.7% [21],甚至有报道称腮腺NF的复发率可达33%,作者推测是由于腮腺内和周围的筋膜平面数量更多和复杂性导致更高的复发率。但是作者随访5年后发现无论采用何种方法治疗,均无长期后遗症[22]。相比成人,NF在儿童中的患病率很低,在报告的病例中,儿童仅占10% [23]。与成人的NF好发于上肢不同,儿童的NF最常见于躯干,然后是头颈部。组织学儿童的NF与成人的相同,但是儿童的软组织肿瘤不如成人患者病种复杂,有一些恶性肿瘤的鉴别不作为儿童鉴别的病种首选[5] [6]。但是肿物切除术后会留下瘢痕,尤其是在面部或者对于儿童,我们更需要注意是否选择进行手术切除治疗。考虑到NF的自限性,也可以采用保守疗法(曲安奈德病灶内注射(TA ILI)和二氧化碳激光针孔法)治疗,肿物可以完全消退,并且不影响美观[24] [25]。Sennett R等通过报道1例9岁女童的NF并对以往儿童NF的FISH的结果进行了文献回顾,发现89.7% (26/29例)的病例17p13染色体上基因重排阳性[26]。我们这则病例也显示基因重排阳性。由于其良好的生物学行为,以往报道的发生在腮腺的NF有分子检测资料的比较少见,我们这例发生在儿童腮腺的NF,进行了分子检测,提示有USP6 (17p13)基因重排,FISH状态阳性,更加证实了我们的诊断。

总结:儿童腮腺NF少见,其镜下特征:主要由密集梭形细胞及胶原纤维组成,间质可以伴有黏液变性,局部可见淋巴细胞浸润及红细胞渗出。免疫组化:梭形细胞Vim、SMA、MSA、β-Catenin胞质阳性,部分病例CD68阳性,间质炎细胞LCA阳性。分子检测:几乎均有USP6基因重排。NF的诊断是一个综合诊断,要结合患者的临床病史、病理组织形态,必要时甚至是基因改变来确定。提高对于本疾病的临床病理特征认识,可以避免误诊,提高对该疾病的精准诊治。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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