妨害安全驾驶罪司法认定研究

A Study on the Judicial Interpretation of the Crime of Obstructing Safe Driving

摘要: 妨害安全驾驶罪作为《刑法修正案(十一)》的新增罪名，旨在打击“车闹”行为，但司法实践中对其关键概念的界定尚存在疑问。本文在综合前人研究成果的基础上，从犯罪构成要件出发，对妨害安全驾驶罪中的关键概念、相关行为进行了详细阐释。从时空维度出发，提出只要机动车发动机处于启动状态，即视为“行驶中”；“小型出租车”、“网约车”、“公司内部班车”也应被纳入本罪“公共交通工具”的范畴。对于驾驶人员的“擅离职守”，可将其划分为“主动型”与“被动型”，并指出“被动型”擅离职守可能构成正当防卫。通过对妨害安全驾驶罪中的相关概念进行精确阐释，对本罪与交通肇事罪、以危险方法危害公共安全罪的界限进行深入区分，期望能够为妨害安全驾驶罪的认定提供相应标准，严控入罪范围，明确出罪标准，避免同案不同判现象发生，提高司法公信力。

Abstract: As a new charge in the Criminal Law Amendment (XI), the crime of obstructing safe driving aims to crack down on the behavior of “car disturbance”, but there are doubts about the definition of its key concepts in judicial practice. On the basis of the previous research results, this paper explains the key concepts and related behaviors in the crime of obstructing safe driving in detail from the constituent elements of the crime. From the perspective of time-space dimension, it is proposed that as long as the motor vehicle engine is started, it is regarded as “running”; “small taxi”, “online taxi”, and “internal shuttle bus” should also be included in the category of “public transportation”. For drivers’ “AWOL”, it can be divided into “active” and “passive”, and it pointed out that “passive” AWOL may constitute a justifiable defense. By precisely clarifying the relevant concepts within the crime of obstructing safe driving, this study aims to thoroughly distinguish it from homicide resulting from traffic accidents and the crime of endangering public safety by dangerous means. The goal is to provide corresponding standards for the interpretation of the crime of obstructing safe driving, rigorously controlling the scope of offenses, defining the standards for exoneration, and preventing inconsistent rulings in similar cases, thereby enhancing the credibility of the judiciary.