食管空肠手工吻合与管型吻合在腹腔镜全胃切除术中的疗效对比
Comparison of the Efficacy of Oesophagojejunal Manual Anastomosis versus Tube-Type Anastomosis in Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy
摘要: 背景:探讨腹腔镜全胃切除术中应用手工吻合和管型吻合的手术疗效及其对预后的影响。方法:我们回顾性分析了安徽医科大学第二附属医院胃肠外科2021年10月至2023年10月间收治的112例行腹腔镜全胃切除术胃癌患者的临床病理资料,并将其分为手工吻合组(H组,N = 60)和管型吻合组(C组,N = 52),比较腹腔镜全胃切除术中应用手工吻合与管型吻合的手术疗效和预后情况。结果:两组在术中出血量、首次排气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症等方面的差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。H组的食管空肠吻合时间(20.40 ± 1.83 vs 34.71 ± 1.80)及手术时间更短(252.60 ± 21.91 vs 267.40 ± 19.42)、切口更小(5.07 ± 0.65 vs 10.47 ± 0.87)、住院费用更低(59496.04 ± 5555.51元 vs 64656.13 ± 4340.65元) (P < 0.05)。结论:腹腔镜全胃切除术中应用手工吻合的手术疗效及术后并发症与管型吻合的相当,其优势在于手术时间和吻合时间更短、切口更小、住院费用更低,对肿瘤位置具有更广泛的适应性。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the surgical efficacy of applying manual and tubular anastomoses in laparoscopic total gastrectomy and its impact on prognosis. Methods: Retrospective analysis is adopted to the clinicopathologic data of 112 patients with gastric cancer (GC) who went through LTG in the Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between October 2020 and October 2022. Among them, 60 individuals receiving medical care were split into the hand-sewn anastomosis group (Group H, N = 60); while, 52 individuals were split into the circular stapler anastomosis group (Group C, N = 52) The clinical efficacy and prognostic conditions of hand-sewn anastomosis are compared with those of circular stapler anastomosis in the application of LTG. Results: The analysis results indicated that no notable difference was observed in intraoperative bleeding volume, time to first flatus (TFF), postoperative hospitalization duration and postoperative complications among the two groups (P > 0.05). Group H had shorter esophagojejunal anastomosis time (20.40 ± 1.83 vs 34.71 ± 1.80) and operative time (252.60 ± 21.91 vs 267.40 ± 19.42), smaller incision (5.07 ± 0.65 vs 10.47 ± 0.87), and lower hospitalisation cost (59496.04 ± 5555.51 yuan vs 64656.13 ± 4340.65 yuan) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The clinical efficacy and the postoperative complications of hand-sewn esophagojejunostomy are basically equivalent in comparison to the circular stapler anastomosis in the application of LTG. Its advantage lies in shorter esophagojejunal anastomosis duration, shorter surgery duration, smaller incisions, lower hospitalization costs and wider adaptability of the location of the tumor.
文章引用:古昊, 李伟祥, 周连帮. 食管空肠手工吻合与管型吻合在腹腔镜全胃切除术中的疗效对比[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(10): 1209-1216. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14102787

1. 引言

我国每年新发胃癌患者人数占全球的40%,我国胃癌发病率居全球第2位,死亡率居全球第3位[1]。对于Siewert III型及部分II型食管胃结合部腺癌(Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, AEG),根治性全胃切除术(radical total gastrectomy, RTG)是主要的治疗手段[2]。随着腹腔镜技术的不断成熟与推广,许多有经验的中心已常规开展腹腔镜根治性全胃切除术(laparoscopic radical total gastrectomy, LRTG) [3]-[5]。该术式不仅需要在腹腔镜下完成全胃切除和淋巴结清扫,而且需要在腹腔镜下完成消化道重建。其中消化道重建是胃癌手术的重要环节,亦是困扰腔镜胃癌外科医师的难题之一。Roux-en-Y是目前公认较为理想的消化道重建术式[6]-[8]。目前临床上最常用的器械吻合包括以Overlap为代表的线形吻合和经辅助切口管型吻合。Overlap吻合时,线形闭合器钉砧与钉仓均可便捷、安全地置入食管及空肠管腔,其吻合口宽度不受食管和肠管粗细的限制,且不易狭窄。但由于是侧侧吻合,Overlap吻合时要求游离足够长的食管断端方能置入吻合器钉仓进行吻合,若肿瘤侵犯食管位置过高,经腹吻合则会变得相当困难。而经辅助切口管型吻合则无需游离较长食管下段,受肿瘤侵犯水平限制较小,且吻合口张力不大,不存在逆蠕动,有助于食物排空。但管型吻合器的缺点也十分明显:术中须行辅助小切口,管型吻合器才能置入腹腔,且吻合器进入腹腔后器身本身及上提的肠袢对视野会造成阻挡,影响吻合进行。相比器械吻合,手工吻合完全在直视下进行,手术视野更好,对肥胖者优势明显;原位操作避免了过度牵拉对组织的损伤。但手工吻合在腹腔镜下对缝合技术要求较高,目前仅少数中心开展食管–空肠手工吻合[9]-[14]。虽然目前腹腔镜全胃切除消化道重建方式众多,但究竟何种吻合方式更佳尚难形成定论[15] [16]。因此,本研究旨在比较腹腔镜全胃切除术中应用手工吻合与管型吻合的手术疗效和预后情况,从而证明手工吻合的可行性及其优势。

2. 方法

2.1. 筛选患者

我们回顾性收集了安徽医科大学第二附属医院胃肠外科2021年10月至2023年10月间收治的112例行腹腔镜全胃切除术(H组,N = 60,C组,N = 52)胃癌患者的临床病理资料。112位患者均由同一手术医生团队行腹腔镜全胃切除 + D2淋巴结清扫[17] + Roux-en-Y吻合术。纳入标准:1、术前电子胃镜及组织病理学检查证实为胃中上部癌。2、术前CT或MRI检查无肝、骨、卵巢等远处转移。3、行腹腔镜全胃切除术。4、术后组织病理学检查确定为R0切除。5、临床病理资料完整。排除标准:1、行残胃切除术。2、行新辅助放化疗。3、非D2根治术。4、中转开腹。5、临床病理资料缺失。

2.2. 手术步骤

两组患者均常规建立气腹(见图1),术者探查腹盆腔,评估肿瘤位置、大小及活动度,在腹腔镜直视下完成全胃切除和D2淋巴结清扫。

Figure 1. Establishing pneumoperitoneum

1. 建立气腹

H组:我们将距Treitz韧带约25 cm处的空肠经横结肠的前方提至纵隔下方,然后检查肠管的张力。使用超声刀在距Treitz韧带约25 cm处的空肠对系膜侧肠壁打开约1.5 cm的切口,利用3-0倒刺线自左向右来连续全层缝合食管空肠吻合口后壁6~8针,放入空肠营养管及胃管至食管空肠吻合口下方约25 cm,再以相同方法完成前壁缝合,两根缝线在线尾交汇处打结,完成食管空肠端侧吻合,使用可吸收线在横膈膜与远端空肠前壁缝合2针固定,从而减少吻合口张力。使用超声刀在距食管空肠吻合口近端约7~8 cm处及远端约40 cm处空肠对系膜侧肠壁分别打开0.5 cm切口,利用直线切割闭合器完成空肠侧侧吻合,然后用3-0倒刺线缝合共同开口。最后我们在食管空肠吻合口近端约5 cm空肠处闭合输入袢空肠。见图2

Figure 2. A) Checking the tension of the raised jejunal mesentery; B) Creating an approximately 1.5-cm incision of the jejunal-to-mesenteric side of the bowel wall; C) Hand-stitching the posterior wall of the oesophagojejunal anastomosis; D) Hand-stitching the anterior wall of the oesophagojejunal anastomosis

2. A) 检查提起的空肠肠管的张力;B) 制造空肠对系膜侧肠壁约1.5 cm的切口;C) 手工缝合食管空肠吻合口后壁;D) 手工缝合食管空肠吻合口前壁

C组:我们在上腹部划开一个约10 cm的切口,置入切口保护套。将游离的胃及大网膜拖出切口,显露十二指肠,使用直线切割闭合器于幽门下约2 cm处离断十二指肠。牵拉胃体,显露食管下段,使用荷包钳在齿状线上方约2 cm处钳夹食管,置入荷包针缝线,离断远端食管并移除标本,然后把砧钉座置入荷包内,荷包线打结固定。使用直线切割闭合器在距Treitz韧带约20 cm处离断空肠,将管型吻合器中心杆从距远端空肠约5 cm处的空肠对系膜侧肠壁穿出,与食管内的砧钉座对接后在横结肠前方完成食管空肠端侧吻合。使用直线切割闭合器关闭空肠断端。使用超声刀在距Treitz韧带约15 cm处及远端约40 cm处空肠对系膜侧肠壁分别打开0.5 cm切口,利用直线切割闭合器完成空肠侧侧吻合,共同开口使用可吸收线缝合。

2.3. 收集资料和分析数据

分析比较倾向性评分匹配后两组患者手术疗效(手术时长、吻合时长、出血量、切口长度)、通气时间、术后住院时间、住院费用以及术后6个月并发症情况(吻合口漏、吻合口狭窄、吻合口出血、十二指肠残端漏、淋巴漏、胸腔积液、腹腔感染、切口感染、肠梗阻等)。

通过电话、门诊复查、住院检查等方式对术后1、3和6个月的患者进行随访,随访检查项目主要有全腹与胸部CT、胃镜、上消化道造影等,随访截至2024年04月。

采用SPSS 27.0统计软件处理数据。倾向性评分匹配按1:1最优化执行性能匹配。正态分布的计量资料用平均值 ± 标准差(x ± s)来描述,组间比较使用独立样本t检验。计数资料用例(%)来描述,组间比较使用χ2检验。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

两组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤长径、肿瘤位置、ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists)分级相比较,差异均无明显意义(P > 0.05),但两组患者的BMI (Body Mass Index)和肿瘤TNM分期相比较,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表1。倾向性评分匹配后两组患者的一般资料相比较均无明显差异(P > 0.05),见表2。倾向性评分匹配后两组在术中出血量、通气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症等方面相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表3表4;H组的食管空肠吻合时间(20.40 ± 1.83 vs 34.71 ± 1.80)及手术时间更短(252.60 ± 21.91 vs 267.40 ± 19.42)、切口更小(5.07 ± 0.65 vs 10.47 ± 0.87)、住院费用更低(59496.04 ± 5555.51元 vs 64656.13 ± 4340.65元) (P < 0.05),见表3

Table 1. Comparison of general information between groups H and C before propensity score matching

1. 倾向性评分匹配前H组和C组的一般资料比较

组别

例数

性别[例(%)]

年龄

( x ¯ ±s ,岁)

BMI

( x ¯ ±s , kg/m2)

肿瘤位置[例(%)]

贲门

胃体

H组

60

44 (73.3)

16 (26.7)

66.5 ± 8.21

21.85 ± 2.20

42 (70)

18 (30)

C组

52

37 (71.2)

15 (28.8)

67.0 ± 8.48

22.71 ± 1.73

40 (76.9)

12 (23.1)

统计值

χ2 = 0.066

t = −0.317

t = −2.282

χ2 = 0.681

P

0.797

0.752

0.024

0.409

组别

例数

TNM分期[例(%)]

肿瘤长径

( x ¯ ±s , cm)

ASA分级[例(%)]

I期

II期

III期

I级

II级

III级

H组

60

15 (25)

22 (36.7)

23 (38.3)

4.2 ± 1.64

17 (28.3)

37 (61.7)

6 (10)

C组

52

7 (13.5)

33 (63.5)

12 (23.1)

4.0 ± 1.49

15 (28.8)

29 (55.8)

8 (15.4)

统计值

χ2 = 8.036

t = 0.581

χ2 = 0.813

P

0.018

0.563

0.666

Table 2. Comparison of general information after propensity score matching

2. 倾向性评分匹配后的一般资料比较

组别

例数

性别[例(%)]

年龄

( x ¯ ±s ,岁)

BMI

( x ¯ ±s , kg/m2)

肿瘤位置[例(%)]

贲门

胃体

H组

45

31 (68.9)

14 (31.1)

67.2 ± 7.92

22.50 ± 1.98

34 (75.6)

11 (24.4)

C组

45

33 (73.3)

12 (26.7)

66.5 ± 8.64

22.68 ± 1.80

33 (73.3)

12 (26.7)

统计值

χ2 = 0.216

t = 0.407

t = −0.462

χ2 = 0.058

P

0.642

0.685

0.645

0.809

组别

例数

TNM分期[例(%)]

肿瘤长径

( x ¯ ±s , cm)

ASA分级[例(%)]

I期

II期

III期

I级

II级

III级

H组

45

12 (26.7)

17 (37.8)

16 (35.6)

4.0 ± 1.54

11 (24.4)

30 (66.7)

4 (8.9)

C组

45

6 (13.3)

27 (60)

12 (26.7)

4.1 ± 1.53

15 (33.3)

22 (48.9)

8 (17.8)

统计值

χ2 = 4.844

t = −0.186

χ2 = 3.179

P

0.089

0.853

0.204

Table 3. Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative conditions in groups H and C after propensity score matching

3. 倾向性评分匹配后H组和C组的术中及术后情况比较

项目

H组(n = 45)

C组(n = 45)

统计值

P

手术时间( x ¯ ±s , min)

252.60 ± 21.91

267.40 ± 19.42

t = −3.392

0.001

食管空肠吻合时间( x ¯ ±s , min)

20.40 ± 1.83

34.71 ± 1.80

t = −37.392

<0.001

切口长度( x ¯ ±s , cm)

5.07 ± 0.65

10.47 ± 0.87

t = −33.322

<0.001

术中出血量( x ¯ ±s , ml)

86.18 ± 11.30

84.62 ± 9.85

t = 0.696

0.488

通气时间( x ¯ ±s , d)

3.11 ± 0.83

3.09 ± 0.67

t = 0.140

0.889

术后住院时间( x ¯ ±s , d)

9.98 ± 1.71

10.20 ± 1.74

t = −0.611

0.543

住院费用( x ¯ ±s s,元)

59496.04 ± 5555.51

64656.13 ± 4340.65

t = −4.910

<0.001

Table 4. Comparison of postoperative complications between groups H and C after propensity score matching

4. 倾向性评分匹配后H组和C组术后并发症的发生情况比较

项目

H组(n = 45)

C组(n = 45)

统计值

P

术后并发症[例(%)]

总例数

17 (37.8)

25 (55.6)

χ2 = 2.857

0.091

食管空肠吻合口瘘

1 (2.2)

2 (4.4)

χ2 = 0.345

0.557

食管空肠吻合口狭窄

1 (2.2)

3 (6.7)

χ2 = 1.047

0.306

食管空肠吻合口出血

0

2 (4.4)

χ2 = 2.045

0.153

十二指肠残端漏

1 (2.2)

1 (2.2)

χ2 = 0

1

淋巴漏

4 (8.9)

3 (6.7)

χ2 = 0.155

0.694

胸腔积液

2 (4.4)

2 (4.4)

χ2 = 0

1

反流性食管炎

3 (6.7)

4 (8.9)

χ2 = 0.155

0.694

切口感染

2 (4.4)

6 (13.3)

χ2 = 2.195

0.138

肠梗阻

3 (6.7)

2 (4.4)

χ2 = 0.212

0.645

Clavien-Dindo分级[例(%)]

I、II

13 (28.9)

19 (42.2)

χ2 = 1.746

0.186

≥III

4 (8.9)

6 (13.3)

χ2 = 0.450

0.502

4. 讨论

当前,虽然管型吻合在消化道重建中虽然较为常用,但其仍存在诸多不足之处。比如,OrVil法适用于吻合口较高的患者,且避免了从腹腔置入砧钉座的麻烦,但其价格昂贵,且容易造成食管粘膜损失的风险;反穿刺法虽然并不需要特殊装置来放置砧钉座,但对于吻合口较高的患者使用该方法会增加手术的难度和风险。

在我们的研究中,C组的吻合时间和手术时间长于H组,这与Honório等[18]的报道相同。我们认为C组存在砧钉座置入和荷包缝合等技术难点,且无法直接通过Trocar,需制作小切口辅助,操作步骤繁琐,所以导致耗时较长。而H组直接连续全层缝合食管和空肠的前、后壁,在缝合技术娴熟的情况下,完全可以缩短消化道重建时间。而且在缝合过程中我们使用了倒刺线进行手工缝合。倒刺线的自固定特性在连续缝合中可以有效防止组织滑动,这在一定程度上缩短了缝合时间[19]-[21]。Carter等[22]认为较长的手术时间可能影响患者的预后情况。但本研究中两组患者的预后差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。我们认为,无论是经辅助切口管型吻合技术,还是手工吻合技术,均已在我们中心开展多年,手术团队具备扎实操作基础,因此两组患者的预后相当。

有研究数据报道[23],管型吻合器术后吻合口狭窄的风险约为2.8%。而本研究中的H组和C组的吻合口狭窄发生率分别为2.2% (1/45)和6.7% (3/45)。我们认为,管型吻合口与食管管腔垂直,愈后吻合口容易瘢痕性狭窄;而手工吻合不需置入吻合器,这能够减轻吻合口损伤,同时我们采用可吸收线缝合吻合口,如果出现吻合口狭窄,扩张也更加容易。手工吻合这例吻合口狭窄患者术后在胃镜下进行吻合口扩张,其进食困难症状随即得到缓解。

作为术后最严重的并发症之一,本研究中的H组和C组的吻合口瘘发生率分别为2.2% (1/45)和4.4% (2/45)。而Inokuchi M等[24]研究数据表明,腹腔镜全胃切除术的吻合口瘘发生率为3.0%。我们认为手工吻合在这方面具有一定的优势:我们可以借助腹腔镜的视野清晰而准确地进行手工吻合;另外,我们在食管空肠端侧吻合的过程中没有离断空肠及其系膜,吻合口具有更好的血运,这降低了吻合口漏的发生率。

回顾本研究的手术资料我们发现,2例患者术前评估为Siewert III型食管胃结合部腺癌,但术中发现肿瘤已累及齿状线,不得不切除3 cm长的下段食管。这虽然增加了手工吻合的难度,但同时也证明在缝合技术熟练的条件下,手工吻合对肿瘤位置具有更广泛的适应性。对于术中冷冻切片确认切缘为阳性的患者,我们可以适当延长食管切除长度以确认切缘为阴性后再进行吻合。因此,手工吻合可以在一定程度上提高手术的R0切除率,降低剖腹手术的转换率[25]

与器械吻合相比,手工吻合的手术费用更低(P < 0.05),原因在于吻合器装置成本高[18]。在H组和C组的手术疗效和术后并发症相当的情况下,手工吻合是一种安全且经济的选择。

腹腔镜全胃切除术中应用手工吻合的手术疗效及术后并发症与管型吻合的相当,其优势在于手术时间和吻合时间更短、切口更小、住院费用更低,对肿瘤位置具有更广泛的适应性。

本研究具有一定的局限性。首先,本研究是回顾性研究,且存在样本量不足的问题;其次,本研究随访时间不长,导致远期生活质量可能未展现统计学差异;最后,管型吻合包括Orvil法、反穿刺法和荷包缝合法,本研究中管型吻合均采用荷包缝合法,即只将管型吻合中的一种方法与手工吻合进行对照,可能存在选择偏移。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, C., Lai, Z., Li, Y., et al. (2020) Tumor-Associated Macrophages Regulate Gastric Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis through TGFβ2/NF-κb/Kindlin-2 Axis. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research, 32, 72-88.
https://doi.org/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.09
[2] Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (2020) Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2018 (5th Edition). Gastric Cancer, 24, 1-21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-020-01042-y
[3] Liu, F., Huang, C., Xu, Z., Su, X., Zhao, G., Ye, J., et al. (2020) Morbidity and Mortality of Laparoscopic vs Open Total Gastrectomy for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer: The CLASS02 Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncology, 6, 1590-1597.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.3152
[4] Katai, H., Mizusawa, J., Katayama, H., Kunisaki, C., Sakuramoto, S., Inaki, N., et al. (2019) Single-arm Confirmatory Trial of Laparoscopy-Assisted Total or Proximal Gastrectomy with Nodal Dissection for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study Jcog1401. Gastric Cancer, 22, 999-1008.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-019-00929-9
[5] Hyung, W.J., Yang, H., Han, S., Lee, Y., Park, J., Kim, J.J., et al. (2018) A Feasibility Study of Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Multi-Center Phase II Clinical Trial, KLASS 03. Gastric Cancer, 22, 214-222.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-018-0864-4
[6] Sun, Q., Zhou, H. and Hu, Z. (2019) Research Progression of Endoscopic Anastomosis Technique and Digestive Tract Reconstruction after Totally Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 22, 191-195.
[7] Ishigami, S., Natsugoe, S., Hokita, S., Aoki, T., Kashiwagi, H., Hirakawa, K., et al. (2011) Postoperative Long-Term Evaluation of Interposition Reconstruction Compared with Roux-en-Y after Total Gastrectomy in Gastric Cancer: Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. The American Journal of Surgery, 202, 247-253.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.04.004
[8] Ito, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Fujiwara, M., Kojima, H., Matsui, T., Mochizuki, Y., et al. (2015) Quality of Life and Nutritional Consequences after Aboral Pouch Reconstruction Following Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: Randomized Controlled Trial CCG1101. Gastric Cancer, 19, 977-985.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-015-0529-5
[9] Norero, E., Muñoz, R., Ceroni, M., Manzor, M., Crovari, F. and Gabrielli, M. (2017) Two-Layer Hand-Sewn Esophagojejunostomy in Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Journal of Gastric Cancer, 17, 267-276.
https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e26
[10] Puntambekar, S., Badran, R., Parikh, H., Bansal, A., Sharma, V., Chitale, M., et al. (2016) Technical Feasibility and Short-Term Outcome of Intracorporeal Hand-Sewn Esophagojejunostomy after Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy: Our Experience. Indian Journal of Surgery, 79, 497-503.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-016-1509-7
[11] So, K.O. and Park, J. (2011) Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy Using Intracorporeally Hand-Sewn Esophagojejunostomy. Journal of Gastric Cancer, 11, 206-211.
https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2011.11.4.206
[12] Parisi, A., Ricci, F., Trastulli, S., Cirocchi, R., Gemini, A., Grassi, V., et al. (2015) Robotic Total Gastrectomy with Intracorporeal Robot-Sewn Anastomosis: A Novel Approach Adopting the Double-Loop Reconstruction Method. Medicine (Baltimore), 94, e1922.
https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001922
[13] Chen, K., He, Y., Cai, J., Pan, Y., Wu, D., Chen, D., et al. (2016) Comparing the Short-Term Outcomes of Intracorporeal Esophagojejunostomy with Extracorporeal Esophagojejunostomy after Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. BMC Surgery, 16, Article No. 13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-016-0130-9
[14] Wang, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, Q., Wei, Y., Li, Z., Zhu, G., et al. (2021) Digestive Tract Reconstruction of Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Comparison of the Intracorporeal Overlap, Intracorporeal Hand-Sewn Anastomosis, and Extracorporeal Anastomosis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 12, 1031-1041.
https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo-21-231
[15] Ma, Y. and Xue, Y.W. (2022) Choice of Digestive Tract Reconstruction in Upper Gastric Cancer. Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 25, 396-400.
[16] LaFemina, J., Viñuela, E.F., Schattner, M.A., Gerdes, H. and Strong, V.E. (2013) Esophagojejunal Reconstruction after Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Using a Transorally Inserted Anvil Delivery System. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 20, 2975-2983.
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-2978-6
[17] Kim, H., Hur, H., Kim, Y.N., Lee, H., Kim, M., Han, S., et al. (2014) Standardization of D2 Lymphadenectomy and Surgical Quality Control (KLASS-02-QC): A Prospective, Observational, Multicenter Study [NCT01283893]. BMC Cancer, 14, Article No. 209.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-209
[18] Honório, F.C.C., Tustumi, F., Pinheiro Filho, J.E.L., Marques, S.S.B., Glina, F.P.A., Henriques, A.C., et al. (2022) Esophagojejunostomy after Total Gastrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Hand-Sewn and Stapled Anastomosis. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 126, 161-167.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.26909
[19] Arena, A., Degli Esposti, E., Cristani, G., Orsini, B., Moro, E., Raimondo, D., et al. (2021) Comparison of Fertility Outcomes after Laparoscopic Myomectomy for Barbed versus Nonbarbed Sutures. Fertility and Sterility, 115, 248-255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.036
[20] Morelli, L., Furbetta, N., Gianardi, D., Guadagni, S., Di Franco, G., Bianchini, M., et al. (2020) Use of Barbed Suture without Fashioning the “Classical” Wirsung-Jejunostomy in a Modified End-to-Side Robotic Pancreatojejunostomy. Surgical Endoscopy, 35, 955-961.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07991-w
[21] Peleg, D., Ahmad, R.S., Warsof, S.L., Marcus-Braun, N., Sciaky-Tamir, Y. and Ben Shachar, I. (2018) A Randomized Clinical Trial of Knotless Barbed Suture vs Conventional Suture for Closure of the Uterine Incision at Cesarean Delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218, 343.e1-343.e7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.01.043
[22] Carter, J., Elliott, S., Kaplan, J., Lin, M., Posselt, A. and Rogers, S. (2015) Predictors of Hospital Stay Following Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass: Analysis of 9,593 Patients from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 11, 288-294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.05.016
[23] Chen, K., Pan, Y., Cai, J., Xu, X., Wu, D., Yan, J., et al. (2016) Intracorporeal Esophagojejunostomy after Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy: A Single-Center 7-Year Experience. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22, 3432-3440.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3432
[24] Inokuchi, M. (2015) Systematic Review of Anastomotic Complications of Esophagojejunostomy after Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21, 9656-9665.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9656
[25] Huang, C., Zhao, J., Liu, Z., Huang, J. and Zhu, Z. (2020) Esophageal Suspension Method for Hand-Sewn Esophagojejunostomy after Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy: A Simple, Safe, and Feasible Suturing Technique. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, Article No. 575.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00575