话语礼貌理论视阈下日语道歉行为考察

A Study of Apology Behaviors in Japanese from the Perspective of Discourse Politeness Theory

摘要: 本文依据话语礼貌理论，从话语层面对日语道歉行为进行动态分析，找出日语道歉行为的“基本态”和“表述连锁链”，并分析不同事件负荷度对日语道歉行为“基本态”以及“表述连锁链”所产生的影响和其表现。研究发现：日语道歉行为的“基本态”为“引起注意”“开场白”“表达歉意”“情况说明”“承担责任”“请求信息”“减轻责任”“提出对策”以及“结束会话”；通过对“基本态”的认定，总结得出日语道歉行为的“表述连锁链”为“引起注意”→“开场白”→“表达歉意” + “情况说明”→“承担责任”→“减轻责任”→“请求信息”→“提出对策”→“结束对话”。本研究不仅丰富了跨文化交际中礼貌理论的应用，还为日语学习者提供了实用的交际策略，有助于促进中日文化交流和理解。同时，对道歉行为的深入分析也为语言学、社会心理学等领域提供了新的研究视角，有助于理解不同文化背景下的交际模式和行为规范。

Abstract: Based on discourse politeness theory, this paper analyzes the dynamics of Japanese apology behaviors at the discourse level, identifies the “default” and the “chain of expressions” of Japanese apology behaviors, also analyzes the effects of different rank of imposition on the “default” and the “chain of expressions” of Japanese apology behaviors and their performances. The study found that the “default” of Japanese apology behaviors were “drawing attention”, “opening”, “expressing apology”, “explaining the situation”, “taking responsibility”, “requesting information”, “reducing responsibility”, “proposing a solution” and “ending the conversation”. By identifying the “default”, the “chain of expressions” of Japanese apology behaviors was concluded as “drawing attention” → “opening” → “expressing apology” + “explaining the situation” → “taking responsibility” → “requesting information” → “reducing responsibility” → “proposing a solution” → “ending the conversation”. This study not only enriches the application of politeness theory in cross-cultural communication but also provides practical communication strategies for Japanese learners, facilitating Sino-Japanese cultural exchange and understanding. Additionally, the in-depth analysis of apology behavior offers new research perspectives for linguistics and social psychology, contributing to the understanding of communication patterns and behavioral norms across different cultural backgrounds.