切口疝术后复发与慢性疼痛的相关研究进展
Advances in Research Related to Postoperative Recurrence of Incisional Hernia and Chronic Pain
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14102820, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 金 典, 李雨杰:西安医学院研究生院,陕西 西安
关键词: 切口疝术后复发慢性疼痛综述Incisional Hernia Postoperative Recurrence Chronic Pain Review
摘要: 切口疝作为常见的临床问题,其术后复发率及慢性疼痛与多种原因有关,并且对患者机体健康危害较大,如若诊治不及时,容易导致其他严重后果,如出血、肠瘘、肠梗阻等,甚至危及生命安全。切口疝术后的并发症,较为常见的有术后复发及长时间的慢性疼痛,因此重视切口疝术后的复发与慢性疼痛对于改善患者预后情况具有重要意义。因此,在本文中,我们将讨论切口疝术后复发与慢性疼痛的相关研究进展,为临床更好地预防切口疝术后相关并发症提供依据与帮助。
Abstract: As a common clinical problem, recurrence and chronic pain after incisional hernia surgery are related to a variety of causes and are harmful to the patient’s health, which can lead to other serious consequences and even life-threatening consequences if it is not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Complications after incisional hernia surgery mainly include postoperative recurrence and prolonged chronic pain, so it is important to pay attention to postoperative recurrence and chronic pain after incisional hernia surgery, in order to improve the prognosis of patients. Therefore, in this article, we will discuss the research progress related to postoperative recurrence and chronic pain after incisional hernia surgery, which will provide the basis and help the clinic to better prevent the complications related to postoperative incisional hernia surgery.
文章引用:金典, 李雨杰. 切口疝术后复发与慢性疼痛的相关研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(10): 1459-1464. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14102820

1. 概述

切口疝(IH)的定义是在临床检查或影像学检查中发现的既往手术疤痕部位的腹壁间隙,伴有或不伴有向体表隆起的包块[1],IH的发生率取决于原发手术病理、切口部位和切口范围、相关的医疗合并症和危险因素。关于腹壁切口疝的治疗,目前手术治疗仍然是腹壁切口疝的首选治疗方法,包括开放修补术、腹腔镜修补术,前者开展较早,虽一定程度上起到了良好的治疗效果,然而对患者机体损伤较大,再加上操作过程中放置、固定补片难度高,所以开放式修补术在临床上的应用受到一定程度的限制;后者是通过腹腔镜方法,先分离前次手术造成的腹腔内粘连,后用补片修补缺损,以达到治疗疾病的目的[2] [3]。与常规开放式修补术比较,腹腔镜技术更具有优势。所以,对于相对简单的腹壁切口疝而言,腹腔镜下切口疝修补术可作为首选的治疗方法。然而,有证据表明,许多患者在IH手术修复后仍存在一些残留症状[4]。最近的一项研究纳入了210例患者,中位随访期为3.2年[5],其结果显示,虽然63%的患者报告手术后腹壁整体状况有所改善,但同样比例的患者报告术后症状,如不适、疼痛和肿胀。因此,本文讨论切口疝术后复发与慢性疼痛的相关研究情况,为临床更好地预防和治疗切口疝术后复发与疼痛提供依据,以期为切口疝术后患者可能发生复发、慢性疼痛提供早期干预。

2. 切口疝术后复发与慢性疼痛的研究进展

随着腹腔镜技术的广泛运用、疝修补材料的改进,切口疝修补术后并发症发生率有所改善,据调查显示,高达60%的切口疝修补术会出现术后并发症[6]-[8],其中的部分并发症不仅复杂,而且处理难度大。所以,如何预防这些并发症已成为保证腹腔镜下腹壁切口疝患者安全的关键。文章结合近些年临床治疗经验,对腹腔镜下切口疝患者术后复发与慢性疼痛严重程度及预防措施进行总结。

2.1. 复发

复发是切口疝术后患者的常见问题,也是评估疝修补术是否成功的重要指标。随着手术方式的改良和修补材料的改进,使得切口疝术后复发率明显减少,然而并不能有效改善随着随访时间的不断延长,切口疝的复发率也不断升高这一问题。约有15%的腹部手术患者会发生切口疝,然而只有三分之一的切口疝患者会进行手术修补[9]-[11]。此外,随着手术次数的增加,切口疝的复发率也会随之增加。在切口疝的原发部位进行手术干预在某种程度上都会降低肌肉的拉伸强度,从而降低腹壁张力,增加了切口疝术后复发的风险。因此,切口疝的手术修补对外科医生来说是一个手术挑战,患者的发病率增加,生活质量下降[12]-[15]。腹部手术后5年内切口疝的复发率为35%~60%,多次手术的复发率较高[16]-[18]。一般来说,术后复发与以下因素相关:1) 手术方式。切口疝部位不同,修补难度也有所不同,而术后复发率也存在明显差异,与膈肌、重要血管与脏器等组织相近的则会一定概率造成补片的固定困难,从而增加出血、腹壁疼痛等并发症,最终形成复发。2) 腹内高压。对于合并腹水、慢性咳嗽、便秘等腹内压增高患者,复发风险较高。3) 缝合材料。切口疝术后复发与手术缝合材料密切相关,结合临床实践可知缝合筋膜时选用不可吸收线的患者术后复发率较低,因此认为不可吸收线会有效降低切口疝的术后复发风险。4) 腹壁组织薄弱。术后切口感染、糖尿病、吸烟等原因均会降低腹壁组织强度,导致切口疝术后复发。5) 补片面积过小。补片在植入体内后会发生褶皱,若收缩至疝环边缘,便会造成疝的复发。6) 补片移位。手术时若造成补片固定不牢,则可能造成患者术后因运动导致补片发生移位,从而复发。由此可见,积极预防是降低切口疝术后复发的有效手段,以下几项措施可作参考:重视术前对患者的病情评估,注重对患者腹内压增大的潜在因素排除,同时做好此类术后患者切口的加压包扎,以降低复发风险;手术前选择合适的手术切口,主要保护重要脏器、血管及神经等,从而减少损伤;保证补片在患者体内固定牢固,固定补片时可选择“双圈钉合法”,避免补片移位。陈华涛等[19]指出,贯穿筋膜缝合固定补片的使用可有效降低复发率。切口疝修补后的预计复发率差异很大,范围从8.7%到32%不等,这取决于多种因素,如患者特征、补片的使用、手术技术和手术医生的经验[20]。法国外科学会进行的一项前瞻性队列研究[21]包括61个参与中心的1075名接受切口疝修补术的患者。随访1年和2年,随访率分别为83.0%和68.5%。1年复发率为18.1%,2年复发率为27.7%。确定的两年内复发的危险因素包括疝气史、外侧疝、伴随的胃肠道手术和早期手术部位并发症的发生。大部分切口疝的治疗指南都推荐使用基于网格的手术技术[22]-[25]。然而,网状切口疝修补术后5年复发率为25%,10年复发率为32% [26]-[28]。其中,复发病例占所有切口疝总数的比例22%,占日常手术的很大一部分[29] [30]。复发性切口疝被归类为复杂腹壁疝[31]。因此,在欧洲疝学会(EHS)对原发性和切口腹壁疝的分类中,它们被划分为一个独立的预后组[32],因为它们通常与许多技术问题相关,如密集粘连、以前使用过的补片、初次手术导致的解剖平面缺陷、器械相关并发症和较高的总并发症发生率[33]。因此,与初次切口疝修补相比,复发切口疝的修补具有更高的社会经济影响,具有挑战性[34]-[37]

2.2. 慢性疼痛

慢性术后疼痛(CPSP)是切口疝修补术后潜在的长期问题,尽管成功地解剖修补了疝,但可能影响患者的生活质量,同时慢性疼痛也是腹腔镜腹壁疝修补术后棘手的并发症,多与使用钉枪固定补片相关,一般临床上可在钉枪固定位置使用长效局部麻醉药物,以此来减少术后疼痛。术后疼痛是否与术前存在的症状复合体有关尚未确定,在许多疝气修补术后评估中,大多数患者由于疼痛以及由此导致的日常生活和休闲时间的限制而表现出不适。此外,CPSP的充分治疗具有挑战性。在没有切口疝复发的情况下,患者用镇痛药物和物理治疗来治疗疼痛。在少数情况下,手术干预更换补片或拆除固定缝线是成功的[38]。然而,这意味着第二次手术,这也与新的风险有关。对于慢性疼痛的治疗,是一个复杂的问题,不能靠单一的手段解决,应将多学科、多方法、多途径相结合方可取得理想的治疗效果,而且应由具有丰富经验的医师来进行处理。慢性术后疼痛(CPSP)被定义为疼痛[在数字评定量表(NRS)中≥3分,从0 (无疼痛)到10 (可想象的最严重疼痛)]持续至少3个月,干扰日常活动,被认为是烦人的,有时具有神经性成分[39]。这种疼痛与手术区域有关,被描述为比术前或新发更严重。然而,对切开疝修补术后的CPSP研究甚少。既往研究表明,腹腔镜疝修补术后慢性疼痛率为26.2%~39% [40]-[44]。一般内脏手术后慢性疼痛的发生率被认为在5%至85%之间[45] [46]。在一项随机对照研究中,结果显示,大约10%的患者术后仍有投诉,且对结果不满意[47],造成这种不满意的原因之一是术后疼痛的发生。切口疝修补术后CPSP的存在是一个经常被低估的长期问题,以前没有认识到这一点。CPSP损害这些患者的生活质量,而有发生CPSP风险的患者可以在围手术期通过使用镇痛药评分来确定是否需要大剂量的止痛药,由此及时调整止痛药,即使在家庭环境中,也可以减轻CPSP的慢性或严重程度。其次,切口疝修补术后出现慢性术后疼痛的频率是腹股沟疝修补术后的3~4倍(10%~14%) [48] [49],并且大多数外科医生报告切口疝修补术后复发率高达10%~20% [50] [51]。关于CPSP的治疗管理方面的研究很少。治疗的重点一直是疼痛的药物治疗。由于CPSP患者通常有神经性疼痛成分,大多数治疗建议是基于已知神经性疼痛的治疗。例如,抗惊厥药、三环抗抑郁药或局部应用(利多卡因、辣椒素)构成基础治疗[52] [53]。此外,根据症状的严重程度使用常规镇痛药。非药物治疗的选择,如干预神经(神经阻滞),心理治疗的选择,以及生活方式的改变,讨论以改善疼痛症状。到目前为止,还没有黄金标准,这意味着CPSP的治疗必须单独制定并适应每位患者[54]。迄今为止,已知治疗CPSP最重要的方面是良好的围手术期疼痛管理[55]。为了能够在未来提供更好的治疗管理,重要的是识别有风险的患者并充分治疗围手术期疼痛。

3. 总结

在过去,切口疝,特别是有其他合并症的患者,要么被忽视,要么没有得到充分的治疗,因此它具有很高的并发症和复发率。即使在今天,鉴于已经取得的显著进展,复发率和其他并发症率仍然很高。但是这些比率是合理的,因此,严格遵守标准化指南对于将术后并发症的发生率降到最低至关重要。切口疝对人体危害较大,因为其保守治疗与术后恢复效果较差,容易导致严重不良后果。为此,本文着重分析了切口疝修补术后复发与慢性疼痛的原因,认为其关键在于如何进行有效的预防。通过整理文献,我们认为针对术后并发症的相关因素从而采取相应的预防性措施,即可降低切口疝术后并发症的发生率,改善临床结局、预后。

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