黄连素在肠道疾病治疗中的研究进展
Research Progress of Berberine in Treatment of Intestinal Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14112838, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 庞奇梦, 刘治花:西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西 西安;陈 敏:空军军医大学西京医院消化内科,陕西 西安;时永全*:西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西 西安;空军军医大学西京医院消化内科,陕西 西安
关键词: 黄连素肠易激综合征炎症性肠病结直肠癌Berberine Irritable Bowel Syndrome Inflammatory Bowel Disease Colorectal Cancer
摘要: 黄连素具有广泛的生物学活性,包括但不限于抗炎、抗感染、调节肠道微生态以及抗肿瘤生长等效应。本文就黄连素在肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病及结直肠癌等肠道疾病治疗中的研究进展进行综述,以期为其临床应用提供参考。
Abstract: Berberine has multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-infection, regulating intestinal microbiota and anti-tumour effects. This review summarizes the research progress of berberine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. It provides theoretical foundation for clinical practice of berberine in those intestinal diseases.
文章引用:庞奇梦, 刘治花, 陈敏, 时永全. 黄连素在肠道疾病治疗中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 15-20. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14112838

1. 引言

黄连素,也被称为小檗碱(berberine,简称BBR),是从黄连、黄柏、三颗针等中药材中提取出来的天然异喹啉生物碱,对感染性腹泻具有良好的治疗效果。最新研究发现,BBR具有抗炎、抗感染、抑菌、降血糖、降血脂、抗心律失常、抗氧化、抗癌等多种药理作用[1]。本文仅就BBR在肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病以及结直肠癌治疗中的研究进展进行综述,以为其临床应用提供有价值的参考。

2. BBR与肠易激综合征

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是一种功能性肠病,持续或间歇发作,以腹痛、腹胀、腹部不适以及排便习惯和(或)大便性状改变为临床表现,多由饮食、精神心理、肠道感染等因素触发。根据罗马Ⅳ标准,IBS可分为腹泻型(IBS-D)、便秘型(IBS-C)、混合型(IBS-M)及不定型(IBS-U),其中IBS-D最为常见。流行病学显示,全球约有十分之一的人受IBS的影响,其患病率呈上升趋势,是严重降低人们生活质量的健康问题[2]

当前,IBS的治疗主要聚焦于两大方面:一是积极消除潜在的诱因,如控制感染、缓解精神压力、调节饮食等;二是实施对症治疗,包括使用解痉药物以缓解腹痛、止泻剂以控制腹泻,以及必要的心理干预以应对伴随的心理负担。这些措施虽能有效缓解多数患者的典型临床表现,然而,在面对症状错综复杂的IBS患者时,其治疗效果往往难以达到理想状态。

近年来,研究报道BBR对减轻IBS症状及改善预后有积极作用。IBS患者常表现为肠道高敏感性、肠道菌群紊乱、异常炎症反应等。有研究表明,BBR可从减少肠道平滑肌细胞的Ca2+内流、纠正肠道菌群紊乱、抑制肠道炎症、调控氧化反应等层面抑制IBS的症状[3]。Lu等[4]的动物实验发现,BBR可以抑制IBS-D小鼠模型结肠纵向平滑肌的收缩反应,从而调节IBS模型鼠的排便频率和内脏超敏反应。Cheng等[5]在IBS-D小鼠模型中发现,BBR以剂量依赖的方式延长了胃肠道转运和腹泻时间,并显著减轻了内脏疼痛。Yu等[6]发现,BBR通过抑制IBS大鼠肠道NF-κB信号通路减少肠道黏膜炎症,降低脑源性神经营养因子及其受体TrkB和C-kit的表达,还可以抑制肠道运动和内脏敏感性,从而达到治疗IBS的效果。BBR在针对IBS患者的实际临床应用中同样展现出了令人满意的治疗效果。比利时一项观察性研究发现[7],BBR与姜黄素作为IBS的补充治疗,可将患者的IBS严重程度指数降低47.5%,腹部不适改善了47.2%、腹胀改善了48.0%、肠道转运改善了46.8%,整体生活质量提升了48.1%。Chen等[8]进行的一项纳入196名IBS-D患者的随机双盲安慰剂对照临床试验结果显示,与安慰剂相比,BBR显著改善了患者的腹痛频率和排便次数。此外,BBR还显著改善了患者的IBS症状评分、抑郁评分、焦虑评分以及IBS生活质量评分。

3. BBR与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种累及胃肠道的特发性慢性炎症性疾病,包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease, CD)两个类型。CD的特征是肠道跳跃性病变伴透壁性炎症,可发生在胃肠道的任何部位。而UC的特征是局限于结肠和直肠的持续浅表炎症。进入21世纪以来,全球IBD发病率和患病率不断上升,亚洲地区虽仍低于西方,但病例数也在增加[9]。IBD受遗传与环境等因素影响,其发病与肠道屏障功能受损、免疫系统紊乱密切相关[10]。IBD常见症状包括腹痛、腹泻(有血或无血)、疲劳和体重减轻[10]。其常用治疗药物包括美沙拉嗪、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂和生物制剂等。IBD患者往往面临着长期乃至终生的治疗需求,对个人生活质量及社会经济层面均构成了显著负担。

有研究表明,活性氧水平升高和过氧化反应可能参与了IBD发病[11] [12]。在无并发症的胃肠道疾病患者中使用抗氧化剂可作为抗炎或免疫调节药物的潜在替代疗法[13]。BBR是一种天然的抗氧化剂,可降低IL-1β、TNF-α、iNOS、ICAM-1、IL-6和NF-κB活化,最终表现为抗炎效应[14]。IBD患者肠道中大肠杆菌和肠球菌增加,乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌减少。BBR可以调节肠道菌群[15],抑制有害肠道细菌的同时促进双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌等有益细菌的生长[16] [17]。Yao等[18]研究发现,BBR改善了肠道微生物群落,显著提高了毛杆菌科、拟杆菌科、杜氏菌属、异杆菌属和阿克曼菌属的丰度,并且显著调节了UC小鼠的代谢特征。Yu等[19]研究证实,BBR通过肠道微生物群抑制UC中的PLA2-OX-2-PGE2-EP2通路,从而缓解结肠炎症。BBR还可以保护肠道屏障功能。李等[20]动物实验发现,BBR能够抑制UC小鼠结肠上皮细胞凋亡,促进多形核白细胞凋亡,进而发挥治疗UC的作用。Yan等[21]也发现,BBR能够促进结肠上皮屏障功能的恢复并抑制细胞凋亡。Dong等[22]实验证明,在葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎模型中,BBR通过调节微生物群和wnt/β-catenin通路改善DSS诱导的肠黏膜屏障功能障碍。Li等[23]研究表明,BBR可减少中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞以及先天淋巴细胞的结肠浸润,降低NK细胞的活化,并抑制结肠局部和血清中IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的水平。我国一项I期临床试验中[24],BBR被证明可以降低UC患者的Geboes评分。另一项随机对照实验[25]发现,BBR联合美沙拉嗪治疗远端UC效果显著,联合治疗组的临床有效率、腹痛、腹泻和脓血便改善情况以及炎症指标降低水平明显优于单用美沙拉嗪组。这些研究也证实了BBR和美沙拉秦联合治疗具有良好的耐受性,具有良好的临床推广应用价值。 

4. BBR与结直肠癌

BBR具有显著的抗癌活性,多项研究已经证明了BBR在多种癌症类型中的潜在治疗作用,包括但不限于胃癌、食管癌、胰腺癌、肺癌、肝癌以及肾癌等[26]-[28]。值得一提的是,BBR在结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)治疗中同样展现出了令人鼓舞的应用前景。

研究表明,BBR能够抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和转移,阻断细胞周期进展,诱导细胞凋亡,调节细胞代谢,抑制血管生成,增强化疗敏感性[29]-[31],从而在CRC的整体管理中发挥着重要作用。Gong等研究发现[32],BBR通过下调葡萄糖调节蛋白78的表达而抑制CRC细胞增殖和迁移。Nie等研究显示[33],BBR以剂量和时间依赖的方式抑制结肠癌细胞增殖,这一作用可能是通过调节β-连环蛋白的表达而实现。Ruan等研究表明[34],核受体维甲酸X受体α是BBR的直接靶点,BBR通过结合该受体分子而抑制了结肠癌中的β-连环蛋白信号传导和细胞生长。Zhang等研究发现[35],BBR过下调胰岛素样生长因子2结合蛋白3而抑制CRC细胞增殖并诱导G0/G1期阻滞。Liu等[36]发现,BBR通过下调COX-2/PGE2-JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制CRC侵袭和转移有研究表明,肠道微生态失调、特定致病微生物、代谢产物、毒力因子参与了CRC的发生和进展[37]。BBR调节肠道微生物组稳态并控制黏膜炎症,从而抑制CRC的发生[38]。Chen等研究发现[39],BBR显著降低了小鼠肠道微生物群的丰度但未改变其多样性,从而降低了结肠息肉的密度。Sun等[40]同样也发现,BBR增加益生菌的同时减少了致病微生物,通过下调Hedgehog信号通路活性和调节肠道微生物群来抑制CRC。我国一项多中心、双盲、随机安慰剂对照试验结果表明[41],BBR能安全有效地降低结直肠腺瘤复发的风险,为CRC的预防提供了潜在药物。

5. 小结与展望

BBR价格低廉、临床易获得、不良反应较少,在我国享有长达数千年的应用历史。随着现代药理学的深入探索,黄连素的多种药理活性得到了科学验证。近几年的大量研究表明,BBR可通过多种机制改善IBS和IBD患者症状,并在CRC预防与治疗方面展现出良好的应用前景。下一步,呼吁更多设计严谨的高质量的临床研究来全面评估BBR用于IBS、IBD和CRC治疗的疗效与安全性,为其临床应用提供更高级别的循证依据。

基金项目

陕西省卫生健康科研创新团队(2024TD-06)资助项目。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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