“论以貌取人的后果”：自我客体化视角下的非常规外貌管理行为
“On the Consequences of Judging People by Appearance”: Unconventional Appearance Management Behavior from the Perspective of Self-Objectification
DOI: 10.12677/ap.2024.1410749, PDF,   
作者: 刘妍芊：福建师范大学心理学院，福建 福州
关键词: 自我客体化；性客体化；整容手术；节食；Self-Objectification； Sexual Objectification； Cosmetic Surgery； Dieting
摘要: 当前社会对于外貌对于个体的价值越来越重视，生活在这种环境中的女性不可避免地会将这种观点所内化，这背后对个体所产生的影响值得我们去探究。相比于男性，女性常常更容易受到他人的性客体化、发生与更具吸引力的人的社会比较，这些都使得她们对自己的外貌不断地去审视，不断地与理想的美进行对比，这一过程就是自我客体化。而自我客体化所带来的后果常常也与身体形象分不开，如身体不满意、身体羞耻等等，这使得女性去考虑某些外貌管理手段去改变身体或外貌控制。除了整容手术、节食行为，未来还需考虑更多的视角去解释其他的非常规的外貌管理行为，以帮助女性追求更为健康的美的行为。
Abstract: The current society pays more and more attention to the value of appearance for individuals. Women living in this environment will inevitably internalize this view. The impact on individuals behind this is worth exploring. Compared with men, women are often more susceptible to sexual objectification by others and social comparison with more attractive people, which makes them constantly examine their own appearance and constantly compare with the ideal beauty. This process is self-objectification. The consequences of self-objectification are often inseparable from body image, such as body dissatisfaction, body shame, etc., which makes women consider certain appearance management methods to change the body or appearance control. In addition to cosmetic surgery and dieting, more perspectives need to be considered in the future to explain other unconventional appearance management behaviors to help women pursue healthier beauty behaviors.
文章引用：刘妍芊 (2024). “论以貌取人的后果”：自我客体化视角下的非常规外貌管理行为. 心理学进展, 14(10), 474-481. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2024.1410749

参考文献

[1] 李俊一, 尹清, 沈先昕(2015). 性客体化经历对女性自我客体化的影响:被调节的中介模型. 中国临床心理学杂志, 23(6), 1089-1093.
[2] 孙青青, 郑丽军, 郑涌(2015). 裸露尤“物”: 性客体化影响社会认知的眼动证据. 心理科学, 38(5), 1187-1193.
[3] Abbas, O. L., & Karadavut, U. (2017). Analysis of the Factors Affecting Men’s Attitudes toward Cosmetic Surgery: Body Image, Media Exposure, Social Network Use, Masculine Gender Role Stress and Religious Attitudes. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 41, 1454-1462.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R., & Lee, J. (2017). Exploring the Relationship between Appearance-Contingent Self-Worth and Self-Esteem: The Roles of Self-Objectification and Appearance Anxiety. Body Image, 23, 176-182.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Ashikali, E., & Dittmar, H. (2012). The Effect of Priming Materialism on Women’s Responses to Thin‐Ideal Media. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 514-533.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Brown, A., & Dittmar, H. (2005). Think “Thin” and Feel Bad: The Role of Appearance Schema Activation, Attention Level, and Thin-Ideal Internalization for Young Women’s Responses to Ultra-Thin Media Ideals. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 1088-1113.[CrossRef] 
[7] Calogero, R. M., Park, L. E., Rahemtulla, Z. K., & Williams, K. C. D. (2010). Predicting Excessive Body Image Concerns among British University Students: The Unique Role of Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity. Body Image, 7, 78-81.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Calogero, R. M., Pina, A., & Sutton, R. M. (2014). Cutting Words: Priming Self-Objectification Increases Women’s Intention to Pursue Cosmetic Surgery. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 197-207.[CrossRef] 
[9] Caso, D., Schettino, G., Fabbricatore, R., & Conner, M. (2020). “Change My Selfie”: Relationships between Self‐Objectification and Selfie‐Behavior in Young Italian Women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50, 538-549.[CrossRef] 
[10] Ching, B. H., & Xu, J. T. (2019). Understanding Cosmetic Surgery Consideration in Chinese Adolescent Girls: Contributions of Materialism and Sexual Objectification. Body Image, 28, 6-15.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Cui, J., & Fang, Y. (2022). Mediating Effects of Self-Concept Clarity and Self-Objectification on the Relationship between Celebrity Worship and the Process of Considering Cosmetic Surgery among Chinese Undergraduates. BMC Psychology, 10, Article No. 259.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Di Gesto, C., Nerini, A., Policardo, G. R., & Matera, C. (2022). Predictors of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Instagram Images-Based Activities, Appearance Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction among Women. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 46, 502-512.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Dunaev, J. L., Schulz, J. L., & Markey, C. N. (2018). Cosmetic Surgery Attitudes among Midlife Women: Appearance Esteem, Weight Esteem, and Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation. Journal of Health Psychology, 23, 59-66.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Feltman, C. E., & Szymanski, D. M. (2018). Instagram Use and Self-Objectification: The Roles of Internalization, Comparison, Appearance Commentary, and Feminism. Sex Roles, 78, 311-324.[CrossRef] 
[15] Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.[CrossRef] 
[16] Field, A. E., Haines, J., Rosner, B., & Willett, W. C. (2010). Weight-Control Behaviors and Subsequent Weight Change among Adolescents and Young Adult Females. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91, 147-153.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.[CrossRef] 
[18] Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That Swimsuit Becomes You: Sex Differences in Self-Objectification, Restrained Eating, and Math Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.[CrossRef] 
[19] Freedman, R. J. (1984). Reflections on Beauty as It Relates to Health in Adolescent Females. Women & Health, 9, 29-45.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Gillen, M. M., & Markey, C. H. (2021). Body Image, Weight Management Behavior, and Women’s Interest in Cosmetic Surgery. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26, 621-630.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Gulker, M. G., Laskis, T. A., & Kuba, S. A. (2001). Do Excessive Exercisers Have a Higher Rate of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology? Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6, 387-398.[CrossRef] 
[22] Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2005). The Role of Self-Improvement and Self-Evaluation Motives in Social Comparisons with Idealised Female Bodies in the Media. Body Image, 2, 249-261.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Hao, H. (2023). Selfie-editing among Young Chinese Women May Have Little to Do with Self-objectification. Current Psychology, 43, 3682-3699.[CrossRef] 
[24] Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence That Objectification Causes Women to Be Perceived as Less Competent and Less Fully Human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 598-601.[CrossRef] 
[25] Hill, S. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Vaughan, P. W. (2011). The Cognitive Consequences of Envy: Attention, Memory, and Self-Regulatory Depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 653-666.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Honigman, R. J., Phillips, K. A., & Castle, D. J. (2004). A Review of Psychosocial Outcomes for Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 113, 1229-1237.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2023). ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic Procedures Performed in 2022.
[28] Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2015). Predictors of Cosmetic Surgery Consideration among Young Chinese Women and Men. Sex Roles, 73, 214-230.[CrossRef] 
[29] Kim, S. (2022). What Factors Encourage the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery? Differences in Sociopsychological Influences Contingent Upon Cosmetic Surgery Experience. Fashion and Textiles, 9, Article No. 42.[CrossRef] 
[30] Ko, S. Y., & Wei, M. (2020). A Culturally Modified Application of Objectification Theory to Asian and Asian-American Women. The Counseling Psychologist, 48, 1048-1075.[CrossRef] 
[31] Leit, R. A., Gray, J. J., & Pope, H. G. (2002). The Media’s Representation of the Ideal Male Body: A Cause for Muscle Dysmorphia? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 334-338.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Lennon, S. J., & Rudd, N. A. (1994). Linkages between Attitudes toward Gender Roles, Body Satisfaction, Self‐Esteem, and Appearance Management Behaviors in Women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 23, 94-117.[CrossRef] 
[33] Li, X., Shek, D. T. L., & Shek, E. Y. W. (2021). Offline Victimization, Psychological Morbidity, and Problematic Online Behavior among Chinese Secondary School Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article 9462.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006). A Measure of Objectified Body Consciousness for Preadolescent and Adolescent Youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 65-76.[CrossRef] 
[35] Lyu, Z., Jiao, Y., Zheng, P., & Zhong, J. (2022). Why Do Selfies Increase Young Women’s Willingness to Consider Cosmetic Surgery in China? The Mediating Roles of Body Surveillance and Body Shame. Journal of Health Psychology, 27, 1205-1217.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] McKinley, N. M. (2011). Continuity and Change in Self-Objectification: Taking a Life-Span Approach to Women’s Experiences of Objectified Body Consciousness. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions (pp. 101-115). American Psychological Association.[CrossRef] 
[37] McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and Validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215.[CrossRef] 
[38] Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. (2008). Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377-398.[CrossRef] 
[39] Nabi, R. L. (2008). Cosmetic Surgery Makeover Programs and Intentions to Undergo Cosmetic Enhancements: A Consideration of Three Models of Media Effects. Human Communication Research, 35, 1-27.[CrossRef] 
[40] Niu, G., Sun, L., Liu, Q., Chai, H., Sun, X., & Zhou, Z. (2020). Selfie-posting and Young Adult Women’s Restrained Eating: The Role of Commentary on Appearance and Self-Objectification. Sex Roles, 82, 232-240.[CrossRef] 
[41] Őry, F., Láng, A., & Meskó, N. (2023). Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery in Adolescents: The Effects of Caregiver Eating Messages and Objectified Body Consciousness. Current Psychology, 42, 15838-15846.[CrossRef] 
[42] Park, L. E., Calogero, R. M., Young, A. F., & Diraddo, A. M. (2010). Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity Predicts Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Cosmetic Surgery Acceptance. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 489-509.[CrossRef] 
[43] Park, L. E., DiRaddo, A. M., & Calogero, R. M. (2009). Sociocultural Influence and Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity among College Students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 108-119.[CrossRef] 
[44] Pertschuk, M. J., Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., & Whitaker, L. A. (1998). Body Image Dissatisfaction in Male Cosmetic Surgery Patients. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 22, 20-24.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Reilly, A., & Rudd, N. A. (2009). Social Anxiety as Predictor of Personal Aesthetic among Women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 27, 227-239.[CrossRef] 
[46] Rudd, N. A., & Lennon, S. J. (2000). Body Image and Appearance-Management Behaviors in College Women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 18, 152-162.[CrossRef] 
[47] Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social Anxiety and Self-Presentation: A Conceptualization Model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Attitudes toward Cosmetic Surgery in Middle-Aged Women: Body Image, Aging Anxiety, and the Media. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 65-74.[CrossRef] 
[49] Stice, E. (2002). Risk and Maintenance Factors for Eating Pathology: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Sun, Q. (2018). Materialism, Body Surveillance, Body Shame, and Body Dissatisfaction: Testing a Mediational Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2088.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Sun, Q. (2021). Selfie Editing and Consideration of Cosmetic Surgery among Young Chinese Women: The Role of Self-Objectification and Facial Dissatisfaction. Sex Roles, 84, 670-679.[CrossRef] 
[52] Teng, F., Poon, K., Zhang, H., Chen, Z., Yang, Y., & Wang, X. (2016). Situational Cuing of Materialism Triggers Self-Objectification among Women (but Not Men): The Moderating Role of Self-Concept Clarity. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 220-228.[CrossRef] 
[53] Teng, F., You, J., Poon, K., Yang, Y., You, J., & Jiang, Y. (2017). Materialism Predicts Young Chinese Women’s Self-Objectification and Body Surveillance. Sex Roles, 76, 448-459.[CrossRef] 
[54] Terán, L., Yan, K., & Aubrey, J. S. (2020). “But First Let Me Take a Selfie”: U.S. Adolescent Girls’ Selfie Activities, Self-Objectification, Imaginary Audience Beliefs, and Appearance Concerns. Journal of Children and Media, 14, 343-360.[CrossRef] 
[55] Wang, S. B., Haynos, A. F., Wall, M. M., Chen, C., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Fifteen-year Prevalence, Trajectories, and Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 1403-1415.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] Wang, W., Chen, Z., & Ding, X. (2022a). Cyberbullying Victimization and Disordered Eating Behaviors: The Mediating Roles of Self-Compassion and Self-Objectification. Appetite, 178, Article ID: 106267.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[57] Wang, W., Zheng, X., Yue, X., & Zhong, N. (2021). The Role of Beauty as Currency Belief in Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery and Career Aspirations among Chinese Young Women. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161, 351-362.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Wang, Y., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L. R., Wang, X., & Lei, L. (2022b). Body Talk on Social Networking Sites and Cosmetic Surgery Consideration among Chinese Young Adults: A Serial Mediation Model Based on Objectification Theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 46, 99-110.[CrossRef] 
[59] Wang, Y., Wang, X., Yang, J., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2020). Body Talk on Social Networking Sites, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame among Young Adults: The Roles of Self-Compassion and Gender. Sex Roles, 82, 731-742.[CrossRef] 
[60] Wu, H. X., Ching, B. H., He, C. C., & Li, Y. (2023). “Thinness Is Beauty”: Predictors of Anti-Fat Attitudes among Young Chinese Women. Current Psychology, 42, 6834-6845.[CrossRef] 
[61] Yao, L., Niu, G., & Sun, X. (2021). Body Image Comparisons on Social Networking Sites and Chinese Female College Students’ Restrained Eating: The Roles of Body Shame, Body Appreciation, and Body Mass Index. Sex Roles, 84, 465-476.[CrossRef] 
[62] Zheng, P., Lyu, Z., & todd, J. (2015). Self-Objectification: Effects on Women’s Mental Health and Hypothesized Mechanisms. Advances in Psychological Science, 23, 93-100.[CrossRef] 
[63] Zhu, Z., & Chi, R. (2023). Social Media Use and Young Chinese Men’s Restrained Eating: The Mediating Roles of Self-Objectification and Body Satisfaction. Current Psychology, 43, 11642-11650.[CrossRef]