转移性肺癌与肿瘤相关性抑郁之间影响因素的研究进展
Advances in the Study of Factors Influencing the Relationship between Metastatic Lung Cancer and Tumor-Associated Depression
DOI: 10.12677/acrem.2024.124022, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 谢 鹏:成都中医药大学临床医学院,四川 成都;孙增涛:成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸科,四川 成都
关键词: 转移性肺癌抑郁症炎症肺癌突变负担维生素D厌食–恶病质综合征儿童早期逆境Metastatic Lung Cancer Depression Inflammation Lung Cancer Mutation Burden Vitamin D Anorexia-Malignant Syndrome Early Childhood Adversity
摘要: 转移性肺癌指任何部位的恶性肿瘤通过各种转移方式转移至肺部的肿瘤,在经历多线化疗、放疗、免疫及靶向治疗后,患者往往存在着心理上负担,从而患上抑郁症,导致肿瘤的治疗效果不尽人意。本文针对转移性肺癌与抑郁之间的影响因素进行综述,探求原因,以期为临床转移性肺癌患者抑郁症的治疗提供相关思路。
Abstract: Metastatic lung cancer refers to tumors that have metastasized to the lungs through various metastatic modalities from malignant tumors in any part of the body. After undergoing multiple lines of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy, patients are often psychologically burdened, and thus suffer from depression, which leads to unsatisfactory treatment results of the tumors. This paper reviews the influencing factors between metastatic lung cancer and depression and explores the causes, with a view to providing relevant ideas for the treatment of depression in clinical metastatic lung cancer patients.
文章引用:谢鹏, 孙增涛. 转移性肺癌与肿瘤相关性抑郁之间影响因素的研究进展[J]. 亚洲急诊医学病例研究, 2024, 12(4): 139-147. https://doi.org/10.12677/acrem.2024.124022

1. 引言

一项对国外1002例肿瘤患者进行研究调查发现,抑郁症的发病率为17% [1]。尽管发病率很高,但转移性肺癌抑郁症患者心理困扰在很大程度上仍未被认识到,也没有得到最佳解决。这可能导致患者生活质量下降,对治疗的依从性差,生存率下降[2]-[4]。最严重的是可能会出现自杀现象,有研究显示自杀行为在肺癌患者中较为普遍,在转移性肺癌患者中尤其高发[5]

2. 转移性肺癌的流行病学——现状、表现、危害

转移性肺癌(LC)是全世界死亡率很高的癌症,患者的预后很差。即使在发达的国家,总的5年生存率也只达到15%左右[6]。与其他实体瘤相比,肺癌患者的抑郁、苦恼和焦虑的发生率很高,在一项关于癌症患者抑郁症的横断面分析中,肺癌患者患病率高达13.1% (95% CI 11.9~14.2%) [7],且患者的症状负担很重,生存期较短,而且通常在疾病的晚期被诊断出来。转移性肺癌的严重程度显著影响到患者的身体和情绪状况[4]

3. 转移性肺癌抑郁症

3.1. 转移性肺癌抑郁症的定义、特点及临床表现

转移性肺癌抑郁症是指转移性肺癌患者在诊断与治疗过程中出现的病理性抑郁状态。其具有致病因素多、难治愈、复发率高等特点。临床主要表现为情绪低落、兴趣缺失、精力与体力不足、悲观失落、自责自罪,严重的可能会出现自杀倾向。对于患者的身心健康和生活质量产生严重不良影响[8]

3.2. 常见的抑郁量表

可以通过以下几个量表测量抑郁症的严重程度,包括病人健康问卷-9 (PHQ-9)、医院焦虑、抑郁量表–抑郁(HADS-D)、贝克抑郁症量表(BDI)、SDS抑郁量表等等。

3.2.1. 病人健康问卷-9 (PHQ-9)

PHQ-9是一个9个项目的量表,根据每个症状出现的频率(即完全没有、几天、超过一半的时间,以及几乎每天),在0到3的范围内引起回答。总分从0到27,分数越高表示抑郁症状越严重[9]。它经常被用于癌症环境中,并被发现作为一个连续的测量方法,使用≥10分的分值来表示有临床意义的抑郁症状[10]。在基于评估的治疗策略中,PHQ-9可以作为制定治疗方案的参考,以及治疗过程中对疗效的评估工具。

3.2.2. 医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS-D)

HADS-D已经在转移性肺癌环境中得到验证[11]。HADS-D被用作衡量抑郁症严重程度的标准。不利用抑郁症的生理参数,是为了在医疗病人中识别有临床意义的抑郁症病例而开发的。共14个条目,其中7个条目评定抑郁(D)。每个条目按近一月症状出现的频度采用4级评分,各条目分0~3分,分数越高表示抑郁症状越严重[12]。HADS只是一个焦虑和抑郁的筛查量表,最佳用途是作为综合医院医生筛查可疑存在焦虑或抑郁症状的病人,对阳性的病人应进行进一步的深入检查以明确诊断并给予相应的治疗,该量表不宜作为流行学调查或临床研究中的诊断工具。

3.2.3. 贝克抑郁症量表(BDI)

贝克抑郁症量表(BDI):包括21个问题或项目,为了表示症状的严重程度,每个回答都有4个可能的答案。根据症状的严重程度,每个回答都有一个从0到3的分数。大于14~19分即为抑郁[13]。BDI主要用于医疗和研究领域,可帮助医生、心理学家和研究人员评估个体的抑郁症状和严重程度。通过使用BDI可以有效地监测抑郁症状的变化和疗效,帮助制定更合理的治疗方案和干预措施。

3.2.4. SDS抑郁量表

由W.K. Zung编制于1965年,包含有20个项目,其中有关抑郁性心理障碍的有八个项目,分为4级评分的自评量表,直观地反映抑郁患者的主观感受及其在治疗中的变化。主要适用于具有抑郁症状的成年人,包括门诊及住院患者[14] [15]。SDS其特点是使用简便,并能相当直观地反映抑郁患者的主观感受及其在治疗中的变化。主要适用于具有抑郁症状的成年人,包括门诊及住院患者。只是对严重迟缓症状的抑郁,评定有困难。同时,SDS对于文化程度较低或智力水平稍差的人使用效果不佳。

4. 影响转移性肺癌与抑郁症的因素

4.1. 转移性肺癌患者炎症因子与抑郁症的关系

越来越多的文献表明,与压力相关的慢性炎症过程有可能是抑郁症发生的基础,特别是在癌症患者中[16]-[18]。在包括转移性肺癌在内的多种情况下,抑郁症和炎症之间存在正相关关系[19]。McFarland Daniel C [20]等人研究表明随着时间的发展,转移性肺癌的患者体内炎症与抑郁的关系将会更加的明显。Giannousi Zoe [21]等人研究观察到转移性肺癌患者在化疗开始,急性期炎症反应和抑郁水平之间存在统计学上的显着相关性。因此,炎症被称为癌症的第七个标志物[22]。这提示我们:对于转移性肺癌高水平炎症的抑郁症患者可能会从解决炎症来源的治疗中获益[23]

4.1.1. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——炎症因子IL-6、IL-1、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF) α

在晚期转移性肺癌患者中,与抑郁症相关的促炎细胞因子包括IL-6、IL-1b和TNF-α,其半衰期分别为2~3小时、2.5小时和30分钟[24]。所有促炎因子细胞中IL-6可能是与抑郁症有关的最有力的促炎因子[25],且与C反应蛋白(CRP)和白蛋白密切相关[26]

Daniel C. McFarland [20]等人的一项研究中发现,转移性肺癌和抑郁症之间的重要关联因素是炎症。该项研究选取了被组织学证实的第四期转移性肺癌患者109名,通过HADS量表进行评分,结果有26名出现了临床上显著的抑郁症状(23.9%),18人(16.5%)正在服用抗抑郁药物。通过数据分析,在接受抗抑郁治疗,炎症相关数据也会相应的减少,反映了转移性肺癌患者的抑郁症与患者自身的炎症状态有一定的联系。Manish K. Jha [27]等人研究报告中针对促炎症细胞因子的单克隆抗体(比如IL-6、IL-1b和TNF-α等),在治疗MDD (Major depressive disorder)中有显著疗效,为转移性肺癌患者抗抑郁的个体化治疗提供了临床思路。

4.1.2. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——炎症因子CRP

C-反应蛋白(CRP)是一种急性期反应物,具有相对较长的半衰期,并且它不表现出昼夜的变化和波动[19]。有研究证实健康和慢性病人群中,CRP与抑郁等心理痛苦指标有关[28] [29],其升高代表了抑郁症的加重。Glasgow prognostic score是C反应蛋白(CRP)与白蛋白的比值,似乎对转移性肺癌患者具有实用价值[30]。此外,急性期反应物CRP本身已经被发现作为肿瘤的预后标志物[31],是一种有效的癌症相关抑郁的生物标志物。

Daniel C. McFarland [32]等人于2019年11月19日对68例转移性肺癌患者进行了生存分析。采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS-D)评估,除此之外,采用比浊免疫法测定CRP值。结果显示:转移性肺癌患者中炎症(CRP)与抑郁相关,并且随着时间的推移,抑郁和炎症会一起发生,并对生存率有不同的影响。例如伴有持续性抑郁的转移性肺癌患者,其生存率会更差。这些发现对肺癌早期抑郁症的治疗有一定的意义。在Daniel C. McFarland [33]等人的另一项研究中证实对于转移性肺癌患者,在控制年龄和性别的情况下,CRP (β = 0.23, p = 0.02)能够独立地预测抑郁症的发生。同样,Jha MK [34]等人的研究也认为CRP为预测抗抑郁治疗反应的生物标志物,使其成为研究确定转移性肺癌炎症和抑郁症水平的理想标志物。

4.2. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB)肺癌突变负担

在McFarland Daniel C [35]等人的最新研究中发现:肺癌突变负担也影响着转移性肺癌与抑郁的关系。他们对96名转移性肺癌患者的抑郁症进行评估,平均肺癌突变负担指数(TMB)为10.8,其中共有19%的患者出现了临床上明显的抑郁症症状。TMB与抑郁症的严重程度呈现显著相关的关系(r = 0.34, p = 0.001)。研究主要讨论了如何通过肺癌突变负担来识别转移性肺癌抑郁症,发现TMB可能通过炎症诱导或其他机制影响转移性肺癌患者抑郁症状。在McFarland Daniel C [19]的另一项研究中也发现EGFR突变的转移性NSCLC患者可能患抑郁症的可能性更大。关于TBM在转移性肺癌与抑郁症之间的关系还需要临床相关调查证实,或许能为转移性肺癌抑郁症患者及时展开相应的治疗提供临床思路。

4.3. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——维生素D

Vitamin D缺乏在晚期转移性肺癌患者中很常见,特别是在女性和非白人患者中,并与疲劳和厌食有关[36]。Daniel C McFarland [33]等人对120例转移性IV期肺癌的患者进行队列研究:以探求在接受系统治疗的转移性肺癌患者中,维生素D缺乏和抑郁症的关系。结果表明:对于转移性肺癌患者,在控制炎症的情况下,维生素D水平与抑郁症呈负相关系数(rs = −0.24, p = 0.02);且在控制年龄和性别的情况下,维生素D缺乏能够独立地预测抑郁症的发生。该项研究也显示,对于没有Vitamin D缺乏在晚期转移性肺癌患者,其中位生存期也远高于Vitamin D缺乏的患者。这项研究可能对老年人群或者绝经妇女特别有意义,因为他们经常同时患有维生素D缺乏症和癌症,并患有高比例的抑郁症。维生素D缺乏与转移性肺癌患者的抑郁症有关。抑郁症调节了维生素D缺乏症对该人群的生存影响。维生素D缺乏在癌症相关抑郁症中的作用值得进一步研究,因为两者都适合治疗。或许补充足够的维生素D,对于癌症相关抑郁症的治疗可能会有所帮助[33]

4.4. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——认知症状:自尊与士气

对转移性癌症患者进行的研究表明,抑郁(士气低落)、死亡焦虑与癌症患者自尊心降低和疾病侵扰性导致的相应身体症状有关[37] (常见的症状如疼痛、呼吸急促和缺乏能量等)。在转移性肺癌患者中,症状负担的增加可能会提高死亡的显著性及其相关的恐惧[38] [39]。自尊是一个人的自我价值,已经被证明可以保护人类的核心恐惧,因此,面对与疾病相关的多种损失,可以保护转移性肺癌患者免于抑郁与死亡焦虑[40]。早期识别转移性肺癌相关抑郁与死亡焦虑及其决定因素,可以为有需要的人提供积极的干预措施[41]

Annemarie C Eggen [42]等人的一项关于转移性非小细胞肺癌的调查研究显示,共有78名患者完成了研究措施,其中60%的患者出现不同程度的死亡焦虑以及56%的患者出现了抑郁和士气低落的情况,疾病侵扰性的水平(中位数:37.0,IQR 27)与之前报道的肺癌患者的水平相当。这项试验性研究表明,转移性疾病的负担、对疾病进展的恐惧以及与疾病相关的依赖性都可能导致抑郁(士气低落)与死亡焦虑,这在转移性肺癌患者中很常见。对于其治疗方法,在另一项针对转移性癌症患者的大型随机对照试验中,抑郁与死亡焦虑被证明对简短的心理治疗干预有反应[41]

由于肺癌(LC)患者会表现出情绪和身体症状的问题,同时会对生活质量(QoL)产生不利影响,Ana Gonzalez-Ling [43]等人通过对204例患者,完成心理障碍与临床/社会人口学因素与QoL之间的双向关系的试验评估。这项试验性研究表明,情绪症状和生活质量有显著的双向影响,同时识别和治疗焦虑、抑郁是很有必要的,这可以改善LC患者的心理健康和QoL。

这提示临床医生要重视转移性肺癌患者心理和症状管理,积极采取综合干预措施,解决患者身体和心理健康问题,防止不良事件的发生。

4.5. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——吸烟

对于转移性肺癌患者存在肿瘤相关抑郁的因素中,吸烟或许是必须要关注的问题。Daniel C. McFarland [44]的一篇文献中提示:在了解与吸烟有关的转移性肺癌患者的身体或心理症状(肿瘤相关抑郁)之间的关联时,应将吸烟纳入其中。以便随后对Patients with metastatic lung cancer的抑郁情况进行适当的针对性干预措施。

4.6. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——营养状态

营养缺乏是主观感觉食欲不佳(厌食)以及肌肉分解和体重下降(恶病质)的症状常常同时出现,通常被描述为称为癌症厌食–恶病质综合征(CACS) [45]。营养缺乏在肺癌患者中很常见,特别是在那些晚期和转移性肺癌患者中尤为明显。这种状况很大程度导致了转移性肺癌患者死亡的结局。Mariusz Chabowski [46]等人的一项基于257名转移性肺癌患者人群——进行队列研究探讨营养状况与焦虑和抑郁之间的关系的报道中指出,营养失调在转移性肺癌患者中普遍存在焦虑和抑郁的情况。且两者呈现明显的负相关关系(r = −0.68;p < 0.001和r = −0.60;p < 0.001)。并且提示转移性肺癌患者,有营养障碍和躯体症状的患者,其抑郁程度都很高。我们可以针对临床上转移性肺癌的患者,在诊断时检查营养状况和心理健康状况,以便能尽早的引入干预措施,形成个体化的治疗方案,防止不良事件的发生。

4.7. 转移性肺癌与抑郁症——儿童早期逆境

儿童早期逆境(ECA)是指幼年时期遭受的逆境经历(忽视、虐待等),会影响个体发育过程,其心理更加脆弱敏感,患抑郁的风险高于普通人。ECA可识别有心理和身体症状风险的患者[47]。在癌症类型中,肺癌的发病率在全球范围内是最高的,并会导致多样的身体和心理症状。ECA的作用及其在肺癌环境中与抑郁症的关系尤其值得进一步研究[48]。McFarland Daniel Curtis等人研究成年转移性肺癌患者的儿童早期逆境中发现,ECA的转移性肺癌患者与较高的痛苦水平(r = 0.24, p = 0.03)和焦虑(r = 0.30, p = 0.004)相关。即使控制了炎症后,ECA和抑郁症之间的关系仍然是显著的(部分相关关系r = 0.33, p = 0.002)。这项研究表明ECA将转移性肺癌患者置于更高的抑郁风险,使肺癌治疗、生活质量和总体生存结果复杂化[49]。也有学者建议[2]诊断时或诊断后不久,纳入ECA可能有助于精神病学专家和肿瘤学家确定他们的高危病人,因为此时合并抑郁症对生存的影响似乎最为显著,这也为临床个体化治疗提供了思路。

5. 小结

随着当今医学模式逐渐转变为生物–医学–心理模式,对于癌症患者心理状况的关注越来越重视。本综述总结了近10年转移性肺癌与抑郁之间主要的影响因素(图1)。目前国际上对于转移性肺癌抑郁相关认识和治疗仍然存在诸多不足:1) 相关基础和生物研究以及文献报道较少,缺乏深入和系统性的探索;2) 缺少多中心、大临床样本的观察,临床研究不足;3) 对于转移性肺癌(晚期癌症)患者心理状态的重视度仍然不足;4) 目前国际上尚未有效的抗癌抗抑郁药物。本文针对转移性肺癌与抑郁之间的影响因素进行综述,表明对未来晚期癌症抗抑郁研究是有必要的,并可能有助于进一步解释癌症的生物学和抑郁症等心理影响之间的关系:对于转移性肺癌患者治疗/护理的复杂性,要提供更有针对性且以患者为中心的心理治疗方案,这或许可以改善患者的生存质量,促进基于常规抗癌治疗向个体化的新型抗癌治疗的转变。

Figure 1. Metastatic lung cancer and tumor-associated depression structure diagram

1. 转移性肺癌与肿瘤相关性抑郁结构图

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