儿童溃疡性结肠炎的临床表现和治疗进展
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Progress of Childhood Ulcerative Colitis
摘要: 儿童溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一组原因不明的累及结肠黏膜和黏膜下层的连续性、倒灌性、非特异性的慢性肠道炎症性疾病,目前对其病因尚没有完全明确。所以,目前在诊断和治疗方面仍面临着巨大的挑战。近年来随着经济的发展儿童溃疡性结肠炎的发病率正在逐年上升,引起了众多儿科医师的广泛关注。本文对儿童溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的临床表现及治疗等方面进行综述。
Abstract: Childhood ulcerative colitis bowel disease (UC) is a group of continuous, retrograde, non-specific chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases involving the colonic mucosa and submucosa of unknown etiology. Therefore, there are still great challenges in diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, with the development of economy, the incidence of childhood ulcerative colitis is increasing year by year, which has attracted the attention of many pediatricians. This article reviews the clinical manifestations and treatment of childhood ulcerative colitis (UC).
文章引用:王馨怡, 卢雪萌. 儿童溃疡性结肠炎的临床表现和治疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14112850

1. 引言

儿童溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种累及结肠黏膜和黏膜下层的连续性、倒灌性、非特异性的慢性肠道炎症性疾病,虽然目前对其病因尚没有完全明确,但大量的研究结果提示其存在潜在的免疫系统功能障碍。由于体内免疫系统的过度作用,溃疡性结肠炎患者会出现自身免疫特征。因此,溃疡性结肠炎可归为一种以肠道为主的全身性炎症性疾病,可能累及其他器官,暂无法治愈[1] [2]。在我国UC发病率正在逐年显著升高,从2001年的0.5/1,000,000上升到2010年的6.0/1,000,000。其诊断方法和治疗手段亦在不断更新[3]。近年来,国内及国际对儿童IBD诊治的研究进展很快,IBD的诊治水平有了很大的提高[4]。本综述将对近年来儿童UC的临床表现(包括肠外表现)及治疗进展做一详细的概述。

2. 临床表现

2.1. UC症状

持续性血便伴腹泻是UC最常见的临床症状[4]。其他不典型的症状还有:体重减轻、发热、厌食、嗜睡、腹部疼痛、恶心、便秘等[2] [5]-[7]

2.2. UC肠外表现(EIM)

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)虽然在大多数情况下主要是胃肠道受到影响,但溃疡性结肠炎是系统性疾病,经常会累及其他器官。这些非肠道疾病被称为肠外症状,可能并不总是与潜在的肠道疾病一致。肠外疾病几乎涉及所有器官系统。常见的表达区域包括关节、皮肤、眼睛、肾脏和肝脏。最常见的肠外表现是周围性关节炎。在极少数情况下,胆道、胰腺和耳朵也可累及,并可发生贫血和免疫血小板减少症(ITP)等血液学疾病[2] [8]。肠外表现的存在对临床医生来说是一个重要的症状,因为它改变了医生的治疗决定[2]。肠外表现在6岁及以上患儿中较多见[4]

3. UC的治疗进展

因为其病因尚没有完全明确,大量研究提示其存在潜在的免疫系统功能障碍。由于体内免疫系统的过度作用,UC患者会出现以肠道为主的全身性炎症性疾病,可能累及其他器官,暂无法治愈。所以治疗主要旨在首先诱导缓解,然后维持缓解。(缓解的定义为内镜下粘膜愈合,即未观察到病变,MES为0或1)。临床复发定义为PUCAI评分 > 10。治疗目标定义为PUCAI评分 < 10的临床缓解[2]。当前儿童UC的治疗方法包括药物治疗、手术治疗和营养治疗。UC的药物治疗必须控制粘膜炎症,而不仅仅是改善患者症状。诱导缓解必须迅速发生,理想的时间是3个月内,以尽量减少肠道损伤。监测以确保炎症得到长期控制是治疗策略的核心[9] [10]。手术治疗是药物治疗失败后的“拯救”治疗[4]。营养治疗应贯穿于整个治疗过程中,对儿童患者而言,其存在生长发育,所以营养治疗显得更加重要。

3.1. 药物治疗

目前临床上主要的治疗药物包括氨基水杨酸制剂(5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA)、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂及生物制剂,对难治性UC可选用联合抗生素进行治疗。

1) 5-ASA:临床上常用的5-ASA类药物是美沙拉嗪。对于轻中度活动性UC,推荐口服5‐ASA作为诱导缓解的一线治疗方案。口服5‐ASA用药量为30~50 mg/(kg/d) [4]。直肠给药已被发现对UC患者有效[10]。如果美沙拉嗪单独不能诱导直肠炎缓解,它应该与局部或全身类固醇给药联合使用[11]。首选的初始治疗方法是美沙拉嗪1克栓剂,每日1次[12]。口服与局部5-ASA联合用药较单药口服疗效更佳[4]。如果美沙拉嗪单独不能诱导直肠炎缓解,它应该与局部或全身类固醇给药联合使用[11]。难治性直肠炎可能需要使用全身类固醇、免疫抑制剂和生物制剂进行治疗[12]

2) 皮质类固醇激素:适用于儿童UC的诱导缓解,包括轻中度活动性UC且对5-ASA无效的患者[4]。皮质类固醇激素在溃疡性结肠炎的急性治疗中非常有效,但由于其明显的副作用,只能在短期内使用。静脉注射甲基强的松龙60 mg/24h或氢化可的松100 mg,每日4次。高剂量并不会更有效,但低剂量效果更差。单次大剂量注射与连续小剂量输注同样有效。治疗应给予一定的时间,因为超过7至10天的治疗不会带来额外的好处[12]。长期以来,使用局部给药治疗直肠炎和远端结肠炎患者已得到缓解。局部应用类固醇比全身应用更具有针对性,且具有更少的全身副作用。对于难治性轻中度UC患者,其可以与美沙拉嗪联合进行治疗[13] [14]。然而,由于给药途径特殊,局部治疗可能不被一些患者接受[15]

3) 免疫抑制剂:免疫抑制剂单药治疗是一种替代的治疗方案,特别是在类固醇治疗会引起严重不良事件的情况下[12]

① 嘌呤类制剂:应用于儿童UC的免疫抑制剂主要为嘌呤类制剂,嘌呤类制剂包括巯嘌呤和硫唑嘌呤[4]。巯基嘌呤可用于治疗类固醇依赖性溃疡性结肠炎。硫唑嘌呤或6-巯基嘌呤治疗通常在治疗开始三个月后才会产生临床效果,因此可能有必要使用皮质类固醇激素进行桥接治疗[16]

② 甲氨蝶呤(MTX):若嘌呤类药物无效或不能耐受,可考虑应用MTX维持缓解,剂量为10~25 mg/m2。给药方式为肌肉注射、皮下注射或口服,每周1次。最大剂量每次25 mg [4]

③ 其他:难治性直肠炎可用他克莫司栓剂治疗[17] [18]。环孢素也可以用于治疗,但是由于其毒性相对较高,只能作为硫嘌呤治疗的桥梁。

4) 生物制剂:肿瘤坏死因子α是一种显著的促炎细胞因子,在UC患者的小肠和大肠固有层中显著增加[19]。英夫利昔单抗(IFX)是最早被发现的有效生物制剂,至少在未使用生物制剂的溃疡性结肠炎患者中是如此。其次是阿达木单抗(ADA),但目前在国内获批在临床应用的仅有IFX [4]

① 英夫利昔单抗(IFX):在过去的20年里,英夫利昔单抗已经成功地诱导和维持了溃疡性结肠炎患者的缓解和黏膜愈合,并避免了结肠切除术的发生[20]。使用基于临床特征的精准医疗策略来针对患者,已被证明在成人和儿童IBD中都是成功的。溃疡性结肠炎患者抗TNF-α反应较差的预测因素包括严重疾病、肥胖、病程较长(> 2年)、既往肠道手术、营养不良、低蛋白血症和贫血等患者[21]。这些临床因素可能会影响抗肿瘤坏死因子-α治疗的药代动力学,导致诱导期间药物浓度降低导致无反应[22] [23]。有研究已经证实了英夫利西单抗治疗儿童UC是有效的和安全的[24]。并且对于中重度UC患者早期应用英夫利昔单抗降阶梯治疗与传统皮质类固醇激素升阶梯治疗相比有助于降低复发率[25]。英夫利昔单抗治疗第14周评估诱导缓解期疗效及黏膜愈合率,第30周、54周评估维持缓解期疗效,第30周评估黏膜愈合率。将PUCAI < 10分定义为临床缓解。PUCAI较基线下降 ≥ 20分或评分下降一级别为临床应答[24]

② 阿达木单克隆抗体(ADA):ADA是一种全人源性抗TNF-α单克隆抗体,免疫原性较低,对于英夫利西单克隆抗体治疗失败的炎症性肠病患儿,可考虑使用阿达木单克隆抗体治疗以获得更好的疗效[26]。阿达木单抗在生活质量、BMI、生长速度、大便频率、直肠出血Mayo评分方面有显著的效果[27]-[29]。阿达木单抗治疗对于中度至重度溃疡性结肠炎的儿童是一种有效、安全且耐受性良好的治疗选择[30]

5) 抗生素

炎症性肠病(IBD)被认为涉及遗传易感个体对肠道微生物群的不适当免疫反应。宿主遗传学只能解释疾病风险差异的一小部分,这表明环境因素如肠道微生物群的重要性。尽管肠道菌群在IBD中的作用已得到越来越多的认识,但我们目前的治疗策略继续以免疫系统为目标,而不是生态失调。口服联合抗生素可作为难治性结肠炎的“挽救性”治疗,联合使用口服抗生素会使部分患者达到临床缓解,且无常见的副作用。具体药物为广谱抗生素“鸡尾酒”(包括甲硝唑、阿莫西林、强力霉素和住院患者中的万古霉素)服用3 ± 1周[31] [32]

3.2. 手术治疗

结肠切除术是溃疡性结肠炎最常见的手术治疗方法。各种研究报告的结肠切除术率在10年内从8%到24%不等;该手术通常用于患有全结肠炎的患者[33]。UC的手术治疗大多作为“拯救”治疗,但对中毒性巨结肠患儿一般宜早期实施手术。全结直肠切除、回肠储袋肛管吻合术是UC患儿首选的手术[4]。术前必须告知患者“囊炎”的风险,即用作直肠替代品的小肠储存库的急性或慢性炎症风险,以及男性和女性不孕[34]和功能障碍的风险升高[35]。手术治疗前应与外科医师和患儿密切沟通,权衡手术治疗的利弊,视具体情况决定[4]

3.3. 营养治疗

营养治疗在肠道微生物组成、功能以及微生物代谢产物的稳态中起着重要作用[36] [37]。膳食成分调节黏膜屏障功能、肠道免疫和肠道炎症。已经发布的共识指南建议,如果患者能够忍受,继续正常饮食[38]。在儿童UC中,营养不良可能是由于口服摄入量减少,营养需求增加,营养物质在胃肠道的损失增加,偶尔也可能是由于药物与植物的相互作用[39]

需要注意的是。在大多数研究中,EIM被发现与疾病严重程度和治疗升级需求相关[40] [41]。此外,已知EIM阳性患者与EIM阴性患者相比,有较差的长期疾病结局[2]。因此,EIM的存在是临床医生必须考虑的一个重要因素,因为它会改变医生的治疗决策,可能需要与其他临床科室协商。有必要对儿童UC合并EIM患者的治疗进行综合评估。在诊断时和开始治疗1年后进行结肠镜检查。随访期间,怀疑复发或未复发的患者间隔1~2年进行结肠镜或乙状结肠镜检查。

4. 小结

溃疡性结肠炎是一种多因素引起的慢性炎症性肠道疾病,其病因和发病机制尚不完全清楚。近几十年来,其发病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势。生物疗法已经改变了小儿炎症性肠病的预后。极大地提高了我们改善儿童预后的能力,并尽可能避免使用皮质类固醇,以防止其造成不良的预后。通过确定可能对特定疗法有反应的表型,以及如何通过治疗药物监测优化治疗,我们已经更加接近为患有IBD的儿童实现个性化药物治疗。在难治性病例或存在高度上皮发育不良的情况下,应考虑手术治疗。始于儿童或青少年的溃疡性结肠炎通常具有快速进展和严重合并症的特点,其治疗对临床医生来说是一个巨大的挑战。儿童IBD治疗的未来将继续进步,因为我们整合了遗传、微生物和免疫生物标志物来预测哪些患者将从这些靶向治疗方案中受益。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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