动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者颅内压升高的相关风险因素分析
Analysis of Risk Factors Related to Intracranial Pressure Elevation in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.14112925, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈帮辉, 胡坤江, 宫希军*:安徽医科大学第二附属医院放射科,安徽 合肥
关键词: 蛛网膜下腔出血出血量颅内压Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Hemorrhage Volume Intracranial Pressure
摘要: 目的:本研究旨在基于临床和影像学特征,预测动脉瘤破裂后出血患者的颅内压变化情况。方法:本研究通过回顾性分析2018年1月至2023年6月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院住院的蛛网膜下腔出血患者,选取57例颅内动脉瘤破裂患者,评估其入院时的Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级及SEBES评分,并收集患者的临床资料(包括年龄、性别、合并症如高血压、糖尿病和冠心病)。使用单变量和多变量逻辑回归分析,筛选与临床分级显著相关的因素。结果:在57例患者中,ICP升高组为27例,未升高组为30例。结果显示,Hunt-Hess分级和SEBES评分与颅内压升高独立相关(P < 0.05),而其他临床和影像学特征与ICP升高无显著相关性。结论:Hunt-Hess分级与SEBES评分与颅内压升高独立相关,这为动脉瘤风险评估和临床治疗提供了提供有价值的信息。
Abstract: Objective: To predict intracranial pressure (ICP) changes after aneurysm rupture and hemorrhage based on clinical and imaging features. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on hospitalized patients diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage at the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2018 to June 2023. Fifty-seven cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms were selected, and the Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher grade, and SEBES score were assessed at admission. Clinical data were collected, including age, gender, and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen factors significantly associated with clinical grading. Results: Among the 57 patients, 27 were in the elevated ICP group, and 30 were in the non-elevated group. Hunt-Hess grade and SEBES score were independently associated with elevated ICP (P < 0.05), while other clinical and imaging features were not significantly correlated with ICP elevation. Conclusion: Fisher grade and Hunt-Hess grade are independently associated with elevated ICP, providing valuable information for aneurysm risk prediction and clinical diagnosis and treatment.
文章引用:陈帮辉, 胡坤江, 宫希军. 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者颅内压升高的相关风险因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 633-637. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.14112925

1. 引言

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)是一种严重的脑血管疾病,具有较高的发病率和死亡率。其主要病因是颅内动脉瘤破裂,导致血液进入蛛网膜下腔,继而引发一系列复杂的病理生理变化[1]。Cossu等进行了一项系统评价,并在26项研究的系统分析中展示了ICP升高与较高的死亡率相关并且通过监测ICP变化用于预测死亡率[2]。颅内压增高是aSAH常见的并发症之一。在正常情况下,颅内压由脑脊液的生成与吸收、脑组织容积以及颅腔血流量之间的平衡维持在一定范围内[3]。然而,aSAH发作后,动脉瘤破裂导致大量血液涌入蛛网膜下腔,破坏这一平衡,迅速引起颅内压升高。颅内压升高可能引发脑水肿、脑疝、迟发性脑血管痉挛(DCVS)及缺血性脑卒中等一系列严重并发症[4]-[6]。尽管近年来对aSAH引起的颅内压增高及其并发症的研究取得了一定进展,许多机制仍未完全阐明。深入理解颅内压增高的病理机制及其在aSAH中的作用,对于制定更有效的治疗策略至关重要。本研究通过收集aSAH患者的临床及影像学数据,旨在探讨颅内压升高的相关风险因素,为早期干预和治疗方案的制定提供有力的评价依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取2018年3月至2023年6月在本院住院治疗的57例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,根据是否发生ICP分为ICP升高组与ICP未升高组纳入标准:(1) 因各种原因就诊于我院,行头颈部CTA检查,并诊断为aSAH患者。(2) 动脉瘤直径 > 1 mm,以避免与血管壶腹相混淆。排除标准:(1) 动脉瘤为夹层动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤或者其他特殊动脉瘤类型的患者。(2) 由于外伤或其他特殊原因导致的动脉瘤患者。(3) 临床或影像资料信息严重缺失的患者。CTA检查于患者动脉瘤破裂致SAH发作后24 h内进行。

2.2. aSAH临床评估量表

患者入院时,使用Hunt-Hess分级评估SAH 的临床严重程度[7],使用Fisher量表评估出血量,以预测血管痉挛和迟发性脑损伤(DCI) [8],蛛网膜下腔出血早期脑水肿评分(SEBES)被引入,作为延迟性脑缺血的放射学生物标志物(见图1)和死亡或严重残疾的预测因子,以及作为与SAH术后不良预后相关的脑水肿延迟缓解的预后工具[9]

2.3. 统计分析

所有数据均采用SPSS22.0统计软件包进行分析处理。使用 x ¯ ±s 描述连续变量;分类变量以计数或百分比表示。使用Spearman的排名相关性进行评估。以双侧P < 0.05为显著性检验水平。先进行单变量logistic回归分析,筛选出P < 0.05的变量进行多变量logistic回归分析(见表1)。

Table 1. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with increased intracranial pressure

1. 与颅内压升高相关因素单变量及多变量回归分析

危险因素

ICP升高组

ICP未升高组

P值

年龄(男)

12

6

>0.05

糖尿病史

13

14

>0.05

冠心病史

2

6

>0.05

高血压

19

20

>0.05

动脉瘤最大径(mm)

6.19 ± 3.65

6.33 ± 2.83

>0.05

Fisher分级

>0.05

Ⅰ~Ⅱ

11

22

Ⅲ~Ⅳ

15

8

Hunt-Hess分级

<0.05

Ⅰ~Ⅱ

7

29

Ⅲ~Ⅳ

20

1

SEBES评分

<0.05

0~2

3

28

3~4

24

2

Figure 1. Grade 4 of SEBES with the effacement of sulci at 2 predetermined levels in each hemisphere ((A) and (B)), and grade 2 of SEBES with the effacement sulci on the left hemisphere ((C) and (D))

1. SEBES (脑室周围间隙)的4级情况,每个半球在2个预定水平上的沟回消失((A)和(B)),以及SEBES的2级情况,左侧半球沟回消失((C)和(D))

3. 结果

57例患者中,ICP升高组27例,ICP未升高组30例,在多变量分析中,仅Hunt-Hess分级与SEBES评分与颅内压升高独立相关其余临床特征、影像学特征与ICP升高未见显著相关。

4. 讨论

Hunt-Hess分级作为评估蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者病情严重程度的重要工具,其与颅内压(ICP)之间的关系近年来受到了广泛关注。相关研究表明,随着Hunt-Hess分级的升高,ICP水平也呈现上升趋势。这一关联主要归因于高分级通常意味着更严重的脑血管损伤和脑水肿,导致颅内压进一步升高。有研究指出,ICP与Hunt-Hess分级及WFNS分级呈正线性相关,然而与Fisher分级的相关性较弱[10]。尽管如此,aSAH后ICP升高的具体机制尚不完全明确。部分研究认为,蛛网膜下腔中的凝血和液体积聚增加了ICP,而另一些研究则认为,正常脑脊液循环的受阻可能导致脑室扩大,从而引发ICP升高。此外,研究还表明,aSAH后的脑血管痉挛在ICP升高过程中起着重要作用[11]。然而,蛛网膜下腔出血量是否直接导致ICP升高仍未得到证实。我们的研究并未支持这一假设。总而言之,由于Hunt-Hess分级基于患者的意识水平进行评估,因此可以推断,aSAH后ICP升高与患者意识状态呈正相关,而基于Fisher分级的蛛网膜下腔出血量似乎并不显著影响ICP升高。

近年来国外研究者证实SEBES评分是早期脑损伤的影像标记物,代表早期脑实质改变,可对 aSAH 患者进行临床分级,判断患者的预后[12]。SEBES评分的核心在于通过影像技术(如CT或MRI)评估脑水肿的范围和严重程度,从而为ICP升高的预测提供量化依据。多项研究已证实SEBES评分与ICP升高的相关性。Said等人的研究指出,SEBES是一个可靠的指标,用于预测ICP相关并发症和SAH的不良预后[13]。此外,SEBES评分与保守性ICP治疗需求、去骨瓣减压手术需求、脑梗死的发展以及不良预后之间均存在独立关联。在另一项研究中,非创伤性SAH后脑水肿的延迟消退与不良临床预后显著相关[14]。这进一步强调了早期识别和治疗脑水肿的重要性,以预防ICP的持续升高及其潜在的不良后果。总体而言,SEBES评分是一个强有力的预测工具,能够帮助临床医生更好地管理SAH患者的脑水肿和ICP问题。通过该评分系统,医生可以更加准确地预测患者的预后,并制定相应的治疗策略。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Connolly, E.S., Rabinstein, A.A., Carhuapoma, J.R., Derdeyn, C.P., Dion, J., Higashida, R.T., et al. (2012) Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke, 43, 1711-1737.
https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0b013e3182587839
[2] Cossu, G., Messerer, M., Stocchetti, N., et al. (2016) Intracranial Pressure and Outcome in Critically Ill Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review. Minerva Anestesiologica, 82, 684-696.
[3] 陈鹏, 吴浩, 刘运垚, 等. 颅内压的病理生理学改变和无创颅内压监测的研究现状[J]. 中国现代医药杂志, 2024, 26(6): 95-100.
[4] de Rooij, N.K., Rinkel, G.J.E., Dankbaar, J.W. and Frijns, C.J.M. (2013) Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke, 44, 43-54.
https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.112.674291
[5] 焦恒星, 郭鑫, 张越林. 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤机制研究现状[J]. 中国实用神经疾病杂志, 2022, 25(3): 376-380.
[6] Macdonald, R.L. (2013) Delayed Neurological Deterioration after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10, 44-58.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.246
[7] Hunt, W.E. and Hess, R.M. (1968) Surgical Risk as Related to Time of Intervention in the Repair of Intracranial Aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery, 28, 14-20.
https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014
[8] Frontera, J.A., Claassen, J., Schmidt, J.M., Wartenberg, K.E., Temes, R., Connolly, E.S., et al. (2006) Prediction of Symptomatic Vasospasmafter Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 59, 21-27.
https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000243277.86222.6c
[9] Rass, V. and Helbok, R. (2019) Early Brain Injury after Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 19, Article No. 78.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-0990-3
[10] Wang, X., Chen, J., Mao, Q., Liu, Y. and You, C. (2014) Relationship between Intracranial Pressure and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grades. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 346, 284-287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.011
[11] Barth, M., Moratin, B., Dostal, M., Kalenka, A., Scharf, J. and Schmieder, K. (2012) Correlation of Clinical Outcome and Angiographic Vasospasm with the Dynamic Autoregulatory Response after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. In: Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum, Springer, 157-160.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0956-4_29
[12] Ahn, S., Savarraj, J.P., Pervez, M., Jones, W., Park, J., Jeon, S., et al. (2017) The Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score Predicts Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Clinical Outcomes. Neurosurgery, 83, 137-145.
https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx364
[13] Said, M., Gümüs, M., Herten, A., Dinger, T.F., Chihi, M., Darkwah Oppong, M., et al. (2021) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score (SEBES) as a Radiographic Marker of Clinically Relevant Intracranial Hypertension and Unfavorable Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. European Journal of Neurology, 28, 4051-4059.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15033
[14] Rass, V., Ianosi, B., Wegmann, A., Gaasch, M., Schiefecker, A.J., Kofler, M., et al. (2019) Delayed Resolution of Cerebral Edema Is Associated with Poor Outcome after Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke, 50, 828-836.
https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.118.024283