凝视下的挣扎——《卖花女》中伊丽莎的主体性困境与自我意识

The Struggle under Gaze—Eliza’s Subjectivity Plight and Self-Awareness in Pygmalion

摘要: 在拉康、福柯等学者的凝视理论框架下，《卖花女》中的女主人公伊丽莎在父权凝视、阶级凝视及社会凝视下面临着构建主体性的困境，同时也经历了女性自我意识的发展过程，从萌芽、迷失到觉醒的三个阶段。通过研究发现，伊丽莎最终自我意识觉醒从根本上受到拉康理论中“象征界”他者认同所施加的社会规训的限制和客体凝视中主体的匮乏本质，她自我意识中的主体性观念实质上是资本主义阶级社会所构建的一种幻象，这凸显了个体社会阶级身份与伦理追求之间不可调和的矛盾。

Abstract: According to the gaze theories of Lacan and Foucault, the heroine Eliza in Pygmalion faces the dilemma of constructing her subjectivity under the patriarchal gaze, class gaze, and social gaze. Her female self-awareness undergoes a developmental process of across three stages: emergence, loss, and awakening. The study reveals that Eliza’s ultimate awakening of self-consciousness is fundamentally constrained by the social discipline imposed through the Other’s recognition in Lacan’s “the Symbolic” and the inherent lack of the subject under the objectifying gaze. In essence, the notion of subjectivity within her self-consciousness is an illusion constructed by capitalist class society. This highlights the irreconcilable contradiction between an individual’s social class identity and their ethical aspirations.