嵌入式系统体系架构研究现状与发展趋势

Current Research Status and Development Trends of Embedded System Architecture

摘要: 嵌入式系统作为信息技术的神经末梢，经历了从1971年微处理器出现到半个世纪的演进，形成了硬件中心、RTOS支撑、SoC集成、AI边缘等多阶段发展。文章系统阐述了嵌入式系统体系架构的研究现状与发展趋势，回顾了国外从Apollo制导计算机到现代AI异构平台的演进历程，梳理了国内自80年代引进模仿到近年来鸿蒙微内核、RISC‑V和边缘AI的自主创新路径，对比了中外在技术起步、生态成熟度和创新模式上的差异，最后展望了异构计算、微内核模块化、边缘智能和分布式协同等未来发展方向，指出嵌入式架构将向高性能、安全、可扩展和智能协同演进。

Abstract: Embedded systems serve as the neural endpoints of information technology. Since the introduction of microprocessors in 1971, they have evolved over half a century through stages including hardware-centric design, real-time operating system (RTOS) support, System-on-Chip (SoC) integration, and edge AI applications. This paper systematizes the research status and development trends of embedded system architectures. It reviews the international evolution from the Apollo Guidance Computer to contemporary AI-driven heterogeneous platforms, and outlines China’s developmental trajectory—from technology introduction in the 1980s to recent indigenous innovations such as the HarmonyOS microkernel, RISC-V architecture, and edge intelligence. A comparative analysis is conducted between China and other countries regarding technological origins, ecosystem maturity, and innovation models. Finally, the paper prospects future trends—including heterogeneous computing, modular microkernel design, edge intelligence, and distributed coordination—highlighting the ongoing evolution of embedded architectures toward higher performance, security, scalability, and intelligent collaboration.