厥协六经异传，记非常倜傥之人——《史记》中体现的司马迁“爱奇”倾向

Harmonized the Six Classics and their Divergent Commentaries, and Recorded Extraordinary and Free-Spirited Individuals—Sima Qian’s “Penchant for the Extraordinary” as Reflected in “Records of the Grand Historian”

摘要: 《史记》体现了司马迁的“爱奇”倾向。所谓“爱奇”，不仅指广搜异闻，将神话传说与超常事件纳入史录，更在于对“畸人异士”的浓墨重书。德义高洁者、隐忍立功的烈丈夫、怀才不遇的悲剧人物，乃至被传统史家忽视的下层角色，皆在其笔下熠熠生辉。在这一叙事偏好背后，体现了三重精神指向：其一，借奇人命运寄寓个人未竟的建功宏愿，以他人之奇浇自身块垒；其二，突破正统史观与儒家伦理的边界，肯定隐忍求生、为游侠刺客立传，彰显史家的独立批判锋芒；其三，以奇人为镜，践行“不虚美、不隐恶”的实录原则，承担褒贬善恶的史学责任。由此，“爱奇”并未背离信史要求，而是将实录精神与浪漫想象融为一体，既拓宽了历史叙述的疆域，也赋予《史记》更浓郁的文学张力与思想深度。

Abstract: “Records of the Grand Historian” reflects Sima Qian’s “penchant for the extraordinary”. This “penchant” refers not only to the extensive collection of unusual accounts, incorporating myths, legends, and supernatural events into historical records, but also to the vivid portrayal of “extraordinary and unconventional individuals”. Under his brush, virtuous and righteous figures, resilient heroes who achieved greatness through endurance, tragic characters of unrecognized talent, and even lower-class individuals overlooked by traditional historians all shine brilliantly. Behind this narrative preference lie three spiritual orientations: First, using the fate of extraordinary figures to express his own unfulfilled aspirations for achievement, channeling his own frustrations through the extraordinariness of others. Second, breaking through the boundaries of orthodox historical perspectives and Confucian ethics by affirming endurance for survival and composing biographies for wandering knights and assassins, thereby highlighting the historian’s independent critical insight. Third, using extraordinary individuals as a mirror to practice the principle of “neither exaggerating goodness nor concealing evil” in faithful recording, thus fulfilling the historian’s responsibility of praising virtue and condemning vice. Consequently, the “penchant for the extraordinary” does not deviate from the requirements of historical accuracy but integrates the spirit of faithful recording with romantic imagination, thereby expanding the scope of historical narrative and endowing “Records of the Grand Historian” with richer literary tension and intellectual depth.