2009~2024年黄河三角洲盐碱地生态系统时空演变研究

Study on the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Saline-Alkaline Ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta from 2009 to 2024

摘要: 本文以黄河三角洲典型区域山东省东营市垦利区为研究区，基于2009、2015、2020、2024年4期Landsat系列卫星遥感数据，经辐射定标、大气校正等预处理后，构建归一化植被指数(NDVI)与归一化盐度差异指数(NDSI)并开展等级划分，联合野外实地调查与土壤采样验证，通过双指数耦合分析系统揭示黄河三角洲盐碱地生态系统时空演变规律。结果表明：2009~2024年，垦利区植被覆盖度呈显著上升态势，低、较低植被覆盖区持续缩减，中、高植被覆盖区大幅扩张，区域生态质量稳步改善，植被中高覆盖区(NDVI ≥ 0.4)面积相对2009年增长27.24 km²；土壤盐渍化程度(NDSI)整体下降，高盐渍化区域面积显著收缩，极重度盐渍化区(NDSI ≥ 0.3)面积相对2009年缩减约35.43 km²，生态系统向健康、稳定方向演进；2024年NDVI因春季干旱与寒潮等气候异常出现短期波动，剔除气候干扰后植被覆盖整体仍呈上升趋势。研究证实，国家与地方生态保护政策、耐盐碱作物推广、高效农业技术应用及科研技术支撑，对黄河三角洲盐碱地治理与生态修复具有显著成效，可为黄河三角洲生态保护修复、盐碱地综合利用与区域可持续发展提供科学依据与数据支撑。

Abstract: This study focuses on Kenli District, Dongying City, Shandong Province—a typical area of the Yellow River Delta. Based on four periods of Landsat satellite remote sensing data from 2009, 2015, 2020, and 2024, after preprocessing including radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference salinity index (NDSI) were constructed and classified into levels. Combined with field surveys and soil sampling validation, a dual-index coupling analysis system was used to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of saline-alkali ecosystems in the Yellow River Delta. Results show that from 2009 to 2024, vegetation cover in Kenli District significantly increased, with low and low-to-moderate coverage areas continuously shrinking while moderate and high coverage zones expanded substantially, indicating steady improvement in regional ecological quality. The area of moderately to highly vegetated regions (NDVI ≥ 0.4) increased by 27.24 km² compared to 2009. Soil salinization levels (NDSI) generally declined, with severely salt-affected areas notably contracting—extremely severe salinized zones (NDSI ≥ 0.3) decreased by approximately 35.43 km² relative to 2009, reflecting an overall shift toward healthier and more stable ecosystems. In 2024, NDVI showed short-term fluctuations due to climatic anomalies such as spring droughts and cold waves; however, after removing climate-induced disturbances, vegetation cover still demonstrated an upward trend. The study confirms that national and local ecological conservation policies, promotion of salt-tolerant crops, application of efficient agricultural technologies, and scientific research support have achieved significant results in managing saline-alkali lands and restoring ecosystems in the Yellow River Delta. These findings provide scientific basis and data support for ecological protection and restoration, comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land, and sustainable regional development in the Yellow River Delta.