梅州客家乡村景观营造的生态文化特征、现存问题及优化策略

Ecological and Cultural Characteristics, Existing Issues, and Optimization Strategies of Hakka Rural Landscape Construction in Meizhou

摘要: 梅州作为客家文化核心发源地，其乡村景观是亚热带山地生态系统与客家文化基因的耦合载体。为破解乡村振兴背景下生态保护与文化传承的协同难题，本研究基于景观生态学“斑块–廊道–质”模型、文化地理学地域传承理论及可持续发展理论，采用文献研究、实地调研(2022~2023年覆盖梅县、大埔等4县区12个典型村)、GIS遥感分析(Landsat-8数据)及案例验证法，系统剖析梅州客家乡村景观的生态文化特征、现存问题及优化路径。结果表明：1) 生态层面以“山地丘陵 + 亚热带季风气候”为基底，形成“山–水–田–村”垂直分层共生格局，植被覆盖率达70.5%，但兽类种群较2010年下降40%；2) 文化层面以围龙屋建筑(现存2万余座)、客家山歌、梯田农耕为核心载体，却面临30%非文保建筑闲置、青壮年外流率55%导致的民俗断层及15%梯田撂荒问题；3) 2019~2023年林地面积减少3.2%、40%村庄污水直排等生态问题，与景观功能同质化(40%旅游点为“古村落 + 农家乐”模式)形成叠加困境；4)“生态修复–文化传承–功能优化”三维策略经桥溪古韵村、百侯古镇实证，可将梯田撂荒率降至5%，游客平均停留时间延长2小时，旅游收入提升20%。本研究结合2024年“双碳”目标与智慧乡村建设要求，新增碳汇提升与数字化传承路径，为梅州及闽赣客家地区乡村景观可持续营造提供更具实效性的理论依据与实践范式。

Abstract: As the core cradle of Hakka culture, Meizhou’s rural landscapes serve as a coupling carrier of subtropical mountain ecosystems and Hakka cultural genes. To address the synergistic challenge of ecological conservation and cultural heritage under the rural revitalization strategy, this study systematically analyzed the ecological-cultural characteristics, existing issues, and optimization pathways of Hakka rural landscapes in Meizhou. Based on the “Patch-Corridor-Matrix” model of landscape ecology, the regional inheritance theory of cultural geography, and the theory of sustainable development, it employed literature review, field investigations (covering 12 typical villages across four counties, including Meixian and Dabu from 2022~2023), GIS remote sensing analysis (Landsat-8 data), and case verification methods. Results indicate: 1) Ecological dimension: Underpinned by “mountainous hills + subtropical monsoon climate”, it formed a vertical layered symbiotic pattern of “mountain-water-field-village” with a vegetation coverage rate of 70.5%. However, mammal populations declined by 40% compared to 2010; 2) Cultural dimension: Centered on round houses (over 20,000 extant), Hakka mountain songs, and terraced farming, it faced challenges such as 30% idle non-protected buildings, a 55% outflow rate of young adults leading to folkloric discontinuity, and 15% terraced farmland abandonment; 3) Ecological issues: From 2019~2023, forested areas decreased by 3.2%, and 40% villages directly discharged sewage. These issues are compounded by functional homogenization (40% tourist sites adopting the “ancient village + farm stay” model); 4) Three-dimensional strategy: The “ecological restoration-cultural heritage-functional optimization” approach, validated through cases like Qiaoxi Ancient Charm Village and Baihou Ancient Town, reduced terraced farmland abandonment by 5%, extended average tourist stay by 2 hours, and increased tourism revenue by 20%. This study combined the “dual carbon” goals of 2024 with the requirements of smart rural construction, adding new paths for carbon sink enhancement and digital inheritance, providing a more timely theoretical basis and practical paradigm for the sustainable construction of rural landscapes in Meizhou and the Hakka regions of Fujian and Jiangxi Province.